Definition of the Subject
One way to make a Query Answering System (QAS) intelligent is to assume the hierarchicalstructure of their attributes. Such systems have been investigated by Cuppens and Demolombe [3], Galand Minker [4], and Gaasterland et al. [6], andthey are called cooperative. Queries submitted to them are built, in a classical way, from values of attributes describing objects in aninformation system S and from two‐argumentfunctors “and”, “or”. Instead of “or”, we use the symbol “+”. Instead of “and”, we use thesymbol “*”. Let us assume that QAS is associated with an information system S. Now, ifquery q submitted to QAS fails, then any attribute value listed in q can begeneralized and the number of objects supporting q in S may increase. Incooperative systems, these generalizations are controlled either by users [4], or by methods based onknowledge discovery [12]. Conceptually, a similar approach has been proposed byLin [11]. He defines a neighborhood of an attribute value...
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Abbreviations
- Autonomous information system:
-
An autonomous information system is an information system existing as an independent entity.
- Intelligent query answering:
-
Intelligent query answering is an enhancement of query‐answering into a sort of intelligent system (capable or being adapted or molded). Such systems should be able to interpret incorrectly posed questions and compose an answer not necessarily reflecting precisely what is directly referred to by the question, but rather reflecting what the intermediary understands to be the intention linked with the question.
- Knowledge base:
-
Knowledge base is a collection of rules defined as expressions written in predicate calculus. These rules have a form of associations between conjuncts of values of attributes.
- Ontology:
-
Ontology is an explicit formal specification of how to represent objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of interest and relationships holding among them. Systems that share the same ontology are able to communicate about the domain of discourse without necessarily operating on a globally shared theory. A system commits to ontology if its observable actions are consistent with the definitions in the ontology.
- Semantics:
-
The meaning of expressions written in some language as opposed to their syntax which describes how symbols may be combined independently of their meaning.
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Ras, Z.W., Dardzinska, A. (2009). Cooperative Multi-hierarchical Query Answering Systems. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_100
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