Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evacuation as a Communication and Social Phenomenon

  • Reference work entry

We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

Definition of the Subject

This article intends to show how system and complexity science can contribute to an understanding and improvement of evacuation processes,especially considering the roles of engaged communities at risk, the concepts of community self-help, and clear communication about local threats andremedies.

This article shows researchers in Complexity and Systems Science (CSS) a social sciences approach to maximize effective and precautionaryevacuation, maximize safety, minimize loss and speed full recovery. The computational and analytical modeling tools of CSS may be considered to apply toa complex interaction of community awareness , inclination toaccept the reality of a natural disaster threat, along with achieving background and finalpreparations to maximize safety and recovery from a natural disaster impact. This article maystimulate CSS researchers to develop detailed models of the complex systems...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Community :

A group of neighbors or people with a commonality of association and generally defined by location, shared experience, or function [59].

Community empowerment:

Internally and externally nurtures a community to accept that residents live in a hazard zone, and they choose to do things as a group to maximize their safety.

Community safety group:

Existing community groups (such as Neighborhood Watch) and individuals, working with formal response organizations form a coherent affiliation in and near a hazard zone, to help maximize safety and care for all community members.

Disaster :

The interface between an extreme physical event and a vulnerable human population [81].

Disaster lead time:

The time taken from first detection of a natural disaster threat to the likely time of impact on humans or human structures.

Disaster threat:

A natural extreme event which may impact on a community.

Effective risk communication :

. That which motivates people to maximize their own safety.

Emergency :

An actual or imminent event which endangers or threatens to endanger life, property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response [55].

Evacuation :

People relocating to safely escape hazardous disaster impacts. To move from a high danger zone to relative safety.

Hazard :

A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. A situation or condition with potential for loss or harm to the community or environment [55]. Hazard is synonymous with ‘source of risk’ [25].

Hazard zone:

Defined geographic areas which may be subject to a natural disaster impact of flood, bushfire, storm surge, destructive winds, earthquake, landslide or damaging hail. Hazard zones include major accident sites, including industrial, transport or mining precincts; or biological orterrorist threat or impact, or from‐source predicted area(s) ofpandemic spread.

Mitigation :

Any efforts taken which may reduce the impact of a threat.

Prevention:

Measures to eliminate or reduce the incidence or severity of emergencies [55].

Ramp-up preparations:

The final set of preparations and precautionary evacuations taken ahead of a forecast disaster impact. This includes earlier final actions than precipitated by formal organizations.

Risk treatment options:

Measures that modify the characteristics of hazards, communities and environments to reduce risk, e. g. prevention, preparedness, response and recovery [55].

Vulnerability :

comprises ‘resilience’ and ‘susceptibility’. ‘Resilience’ is related to ‘existing controls’ and the capacity to reduce or sustain harm. ‘Susceptibility’ is related to ‘exposure’ [25].

Bibliography

Primary Literature

  1. ACF (2004) Institutions for Sustainability. Australian Conservation Foundation ACF 1–37. http://www.acfonline.org.au/uploads/res/res_tp007.pdf. Accessed 2008

  2. AMCORD (1995) AMCORD95, Australian Model Code of Residential Development. Department of Housing and Regional Development. Aust Govt Printing Service, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  3. Australian Bushfire CRC (2005) Bushfire CRC/Research/Community Self Sufficiency for Fire Safety/Effective Risk Communication. http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/c41/c41.html. Accessed 2008

  4. Baram M (1991) Rights and duties concerning the availability of environmental risk information to the public. In: Kasperson RE, Stallen PJM (eds) Communicating Risks to the Public – International Perspectives. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, p 481

    Google Scholar 

  5. Berry L, King D (1998) Tropical cyclone awareness and education issues for far north Queensland school students – Storm Watchers. Aust J Emerg Manag 13:6

    Google Scholar 

  6. Boughton GN (1992) Education on Natural Hazards, The Macedon Digest. Aust J Disaster Manag 7(2):4–7

    Google Scholar 

  7. Boura J (1998) Community Fireguard: Creating partnerships with the community to minimise the impact of bushfire. Aust J Emerg Manag 13:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bruntland GH (1988) Our Common Future. The World Commission for the Environment and Development. Alianza Publications. http://tilastokeskus.fi/abo2004/foredrag/hoglund_pp.pdf, http://www.erf.es/eng/empresa/brundtland.html, http://web.uvic.ca/%7Estucraw/Lethbridge/MyArticles/Brundtland.htm. Accessed 2008

  9. Cairns City Council (2007) Storm surge maps. http://www.cairns.qld.gov.au/cairns/files/StormTideMaps/index.pdf. Accessed 2008

  10. Chamberlain ER, Hartshorn AE, Muggleston H, Short P, Svensson H, Western JS (1981a) Queensland flood report Australia Day (1974). Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, p 38

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chamberlain ER, Doube L, Milne G, Rolls M, Western JS (1981b) The Experience of cyclone Tracy. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, p 150

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cialdini R, Reno R, Kallgren C (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J Pers Soc Psychol 58(6):1015–1026

    Google Scholar 

  13. COAG (2004) Natural Disasters in Australia, reforming mitigation, relief and recovery arrangements. http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(756EDFD270AD704EF00C15CF396D6111)~COAG+Report +on+Natural+Disasters+in+Australia+-+August+2002.pdf/$file/COAG+Report+on+Natural+Disasters+in+Australia +-+August+2002.pdf. Accessed 2008, Council of Australian Governments Commonwealth of Australia, 201

  14. Cohen E, White P, Hughes P (2006) Bushfire and the Media Reports 1–3. Latrobe University and BCRC, La Trobe University

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cronan K (1998) Foundations of emergency management. The Aust J Emerg Manag 1(13):20–23

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cuthill M (2004) Community well‐being – the ultimate goal of democratic governance. Qld Plan 44(2):8–11

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2003) Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Soc Sci Q 84(2):242–261

    Google Scholar 

  18. DIMIA (2004) Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/face_facts/mig_htm.htm#q. 2005

  19. Dolphin RR, Richard R, Ying F (2000) Is Corporate Communications a Strategic Function. Manag Decis 38(2):99–106

    Google Scholar 

  20. Dominick JR (1993) The dynamics of mass communication. Mc Graw-Hill Inc, Columbus, p 616

    Google Scholar 

  21. Douglas M (1992) Risk and Blame. Essays in cultural theory. Routledge, London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Drabek TE (1994) Disaster evacuation and the tourist industry. Program on environment and behaviour monograph 57. University of Colorado, Colorado

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dunlap RE, Van Liere KD (1978) The ‘new environmental paradigm’: a proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. J Envtl Ed 9(4):10–19

    Google Scholar 

  24. ECAP (1997) Guidelines for disaster prevention and preparedness in tropical cyclone areas. Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the World Meteorological Organisation and the Red Cross Societies, Geneva/Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  25. EMA (2000) Emergency Risk Management Applications Guide. The Australian Emergency Manuals Series. Emergency Management Australia. Dickson ACT:Emergency Management Australia, p 4

    Google Scholar 

  26. EMA (2002) Research agenda for Emergency Management. March. EMA Research and development Strategy for “Safer Sustainable Communities”. Dickson ACT:Emergency Management Australia

    Google Scholar 

  27. EMA (2002) Indigenous Communities and Emergency Management. Emergency Management Australia, Canberra, p 22

    Google Scholar 

  28. EMA (2002) Guidelines for Emergency Managers working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities. http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentpersonal/AFD7467016783EA8CA256CB30036EF42/$file/caldsept2002.pdf. Accessed 2008

  29. EMAI (1998) Emergency Management Australia Information Service. Report of the strategic planning conference on the development of enhanced awareness education programs and materials for remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Darwin, May 1997. Conference Proceedings, EMA, Mt Macedon Victoria

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fien J (1993) Education for the environment – critical curriculum theorising and environmental education. Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Australia

    Google Scholar 

  31. Finnis K, Johnston D, Paton D (2004) Volcanic Hazard Risk Perceptions in New Zealand. Tephra, Earth and atmospheric sciences University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp 60–64, http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/memwebsite.nsf/Files/Tephra%20v21%20chapters/$file/volcanichazardrisk.pdf, 2008

  32. Fowler KL, Kling ND, Larson MD (2007) Eigenvalues. Bus Soc 46:1. March. 88–103. Sage Publications

    Google Scholar 

  33. Goldammer J (2005) Wildland fire – rising threats and vulnerabilities at the interface with society. In: Know risk. United Nations Tudor Rose, T. Jeggle, United Nations, ed; UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR), Geneva, 376 p, pp 322–3

    Google Scholar 

  34. Goudie D, King D (1999) Cyclone surge and community preparedness. Austn J Emerg Manag 13:1:454–60. http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentpersonal/(85FE07930A2BB4482E194CD03685A8EB)~Cyclone_surge_and_community_preparedness.pdf/$file/Cyclone_surge_and_community_preparedness.pdf, 2008

  35. Goudie D (2001) Toward Sustainable Urban Travel. Ph D thesis. James Cook University. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/967/, 2008

  36. Goudie D (2004) Disruptive weather warnings and weather knowledge in remote Australian Indigenous communities. Web-based report http://www.tesag.jcu.edu.au/CDS/Pages/reports/Gou_iwwrpt/index.shtml?Id=23, 2008

  37. Goudie D (2005) Sustainability planning: pushing against institutional barriers. Ecosystems and Sustainable Development V. WIT Press. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 81(5):215–224, www.witpress.com, 2008

  38. Goudie D (2007) Transport and Evacuation Planning. In: King D, Cottrell A (eds) Communities Living With Hazards. Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University with Queensland Department of Emergency Services, 293, James Cook University, North Queensland Australia, pp 48–62

    Google Scholar 

  39. Goudie D (2007) Oral histories about weather hazards in northern Australia. In: King D, Cottrell A (eds) Communities Living With Hazards. Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University with Queensland Department of Emergency Services, 293, James Cook University, North Queensland Australia, pp 102–125

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gurmankin AD, Baron J, Armstrong K (2004) Intended message versus received message in hypothetical physician risk communication: exploring the gap. Risk Analysis 24(5):1337–1347

    Google Scholar 

  41. Handmer J (1992) Can we have too much warning time? A study of Rockhampton, Australia. The Macedon Digest. Aust J Disaster Manag 7:2 p 8–10

    Google Scholar 

  42. Handmer J (2000) Are Flood Warnings Futile? Risk Commun emergencies 2(e):1–14. http://www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/issues/2000-2/handmer.htm, 2008

  43. Handmer J (2001) Improving flood warnings in Europe: a research and policy agenda. Environ Hazards 3(2001):19–28

    Google Scholar 

  44. Heller K, Alexander DB, Gatz M, Knight BG, Rose T (2005) Social And Personal Factors As Predictors Of Earthquake Preparation: The Role Of Support Provision, Network Discussion, Negative Affect, Age, and Education. J Appl Soc Psychol 35(2):399–422

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hoeting JA, Madigan D, Raftery AE, Volinsky CT (1999) Bayesian Model Averaging: A Tutorial. Stat Sci 14(4):382–417

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. IPA (1997) The Integrated Planning Act. Queensland Government, http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/I/integplana97.pdf, 2008

  47. ISR (2007) Australian Policyonline. Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology, http://www.apo.org.au/linkboard/results.chtml?filename_num=117732, 2008

  48. Jarach M (1989) Overview of the literature on barriers to the diffusion of renewable energy sources in agriculture. Appl En 32(2):117–131

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kasperson RE, Stallen PJM (1991) Communicating Risks to the Public International Perspectives. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kim YC, Ball‐Rokeach SJ (2006) Civic engagement from a communication infrastructure perspective. Commun Theory 16:173–197

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kitchin RM (1996) Increasing the integrity of cognitive mapping research: appraising conceptual schemata of environment‐behaviour interaction. Progress Hum Geogr 20(1):56–84

    Google Scholar 

  52. King D, Goudie D (1998) Breaking through the disbelief – the March 1997 floods at Cloncurry. Even the duck swam away. Aust J Emerg Manag 4:12 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  53. King D, Goudie D (2006) Cyclone Larry, March 2006 Post Disaster Residents Survey. Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University, with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology P77 http://www.tesag.jcu.edu.au/CDS/Pages/reports/Larry_mainreport.pdf, 2008

  54. King D, Goudie D, Dominey‐Howes D (2006) Cyclone knowledge and household preparation – some insights from Cyclone Larry Report on how well Innisfail prepared for Cyclone Larry. The Aust J Emerg Manag 21:3 52–59 http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(A80860EC13A61F5BA8C1121176F6CC3C)~AJEM_EMA_Larry_Aug2006.pdf/$file/AJEM_EMA_Larry_Aug2006.pdf. Accessed August 2006

  55. Kobb P (2000) Emergency Risk Management Applications Guide. Emerg Manag Aust, Dickson, A.C.T.: Emergency Management Australia. Australian Emergency Manuals Series; 05 http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(383B7EDC29CDE21FBA276BBBCE12CDC0)~Manual+05a.pdf/$file/Manual+05a.pdf, 2008

  56. Leibovitz J (2003) Institutional barriers to associative city‐region governance: the politics of institution‐building and economic governance in ‘Canada’s Technology Triangle.' Urban Studies: 40(13):2613–2642

    Google Scholar 

  57. Lewis C (2006) Risk Management and Prevention Strategies. Aust J Emerg Manag 21(3):47–51

    Google Scholar 

  58. Lichtenberg J, Maclean D (1991) The role of the media in risk communication. In: Kasperson RE, Stallen PJM (ed) Communicating Risks to the Public – International Perspectives. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, p 481

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lidstone J (2006) Blazer to the Rescue! The role of puppetry in enhancing fire prevention and preparedness for young children. Aust J Emerg Manag 21(2):17–28

    Google Scholar 

  60. Loudness RS (1977) Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region July 1909 to June 1975. AGPS, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  61. McKenna F (1993) It won't happen to me: Unrealistic optimism or illusion of control. Brit J Psych 84:39–50

    Google Scholar 

  62. Munro DA (1995) Ecologically sustainable development – is it possible? How will we recognise it? In: Sivakumar M, Messer J (eds) Protecting the future – ESD in action. Futureworld, Wollongong

    Google Scholar 

  63. NDSI Working Group (2000) Effective Disaster Warnings. Working Group on Natural Disaster Information Systems. Subcommittee on Natural Disaster Reduction National Science and Technology Council Committee on Environment and Natural Resources. Executive Office of the President of the United States of America, 56, http://www.incident.com/cap/docs/NDIS_rev_Oct27.pdf, 2008

  64. Napurrurlarlu NO, Jakamarrarlu NP (1988) Ngawarra‐Kurlu. Yuendumu B.R.D.U., Darwin, p 19

    Google Scholar 

  65. O'Neill P (2004) Why don't they listen – Developing a risk communication model to promote community safety behaviour. The International Emergency Management Society, 11th Annual Conference Proceedings, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, May 18–21 2004, pp 160–169

    Google Scholar 

  66. Young J, O'Neill P (1999) A social marketing framework for the development of effective public awareness programs. http://www.ses.nsw.gov.au/multiattachments/2740/documentname/A_Social_Marketing_Framework_for_the_Development_of_Effective_Public_Awareness_Programs.pdf, 2008. NSW Australia

  67. Paton D (2003) Stress in Disaster Response: A risk management approach. Disaster Prev Manag 12(3):203–209

    Google Scholar 

  68. Paton D, Smith L, Johnston D (2005) When good intentions turn bad: promoting natural Hazard preparedness. Aust J Emerg Manag 20:25–30

    Google Scholar 

  69. Phillips R (1994) Long Range Planning. Lond 27(4):143–145

    Google Scholar 

  70. QG & QES (2003) State Planning Policy. Mitigating the adverse impacts of flood, bushfire and landslide. State planning policy 1/03. Dept Local Government and planning, & Dept of Emergency Services, http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/publications/spp/pdf/spp.pdf, 2008

  71. Quarantelli EL (2002) The role of the Mass Communication system in natural and technological disasters and possible extrapolation to terrorism situations. Risk Manag Int J 4(4):7–21

    Google Scholar 

  72. Raggatt P, Butterworth E, Morrissey S (1993) Issues in Natural Disaster Management: Community Response to the Threat of Tropical Cyclones in Australia. Disaster Prev Manag 2(3):12–21

    Google Scholar 

  73. Renn O, Levine D (1991) Credibility and trust in risk communication. In: Kasperson RE, Stallen PJM (ed) Communicating Risks to the Public – International Perspectives. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, p 481

    Google Scholar 

  74. Renn O, Rohrmann B (2000) Cross‐cultural risk perception, A survey of empirical studies. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 240

    Google Scholar 

  75. Rohrmann B (2000) A socio‐psychological model for analysing risk communication processes. Australas J Disaster Trauma Stud 2000(2) http://www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/issues/2000-2/rohrmann.htm, 2008

  76. Rounsefell V (1992) Unified human settlement ecology. In: Birkeland J (ed) Design for sustainability: A sourcebook of integrated eco-logical solutions. Earthscan Publications, London, S4.2:78–83

    Google Scholar 

  77. Salter J (1992) The Nature of the disaster – more than just the meanings of words: Some reflections on definitions, doctrine and concepts. The Macedon Digest. Aust J Disaster Manag 7(2):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  78. Salter J, Bally J, Elliott J, Packham D (1993) Natural disasters: protecting vulnerable communities. In: Merriman PA, Browitt CW (eds) Conference Proceedings. London, 13–15 October 1993, Royal Society (Great Britain)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Sheppard E (1986) Modelling and predicting aggregate flows. In: Hanson S (ed) The geography of urban transportation. Guilford Press, New York/London, pp 91–110

    Google Scholar 

  80. Skertchly A, Skertchly K (2000) Message Sticks – Hazard Mitigation Visual Language. EMA, ACT, Dickson, Australian Capital Territory

    Google Scholar 

  81. Sorenson J, Mileti D (1991) Risk communication in emergencies. In: Kasperson RE, Stallen PJM (ed) Communicating Risks to the Public – International Perspectives. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, p 481

    Google Scholar 

  82. Stern P (1992) Psychological dimensions of global environmental change. Ann Rev Psychol 43:269–302

    Google Scholar 

  83. Stern PC, Fineberg HV (1996) Understanding Risk, Informing decisions in a democratic society. National Academy Press, Washington DC, pp 249

    Google Scholar 

  84. Sullivan M (2003) Communities and their experience of emergencies. Aust J Emerg Manag 18(1):19–26

    Google Scholar 

  85. Svenson O (1991) The time dimension in perception and communication of risk. In: Kasperson RE, Stallen PJM (ed) Communicating Risks to the Public – International Perspectives. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/London, p 481

    Google Scholar 

  86. Thompson KM (2002) Variability and uncertainty meet risk management and risk communication. Risk Analysis 22(3):647–654

    Google Scholar 

  87. Utemorrah D, Clendon M (2000) Dumbi the owl. In: Kimberley Language Resource Centre (ed) Worrorra Lalai, Worrorra Dreamtime Stories. KLRC, Halls Creek WA, pp 113

    Google Scholar 

  88. Utemorrah D (1980) How The People Were All Drown(ed). In: Mowanjum (ed) Visions of Mowanjum: Aboriginal writings from the Kimberley. Rigby, Adelaide

    Google Scholar 

  89. Wakefield SE, Elliot SJ (2003) Constructing the news: the role of local newspapers in environmental risk communication. Prof Geogr 55(2):216–266

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wall M (2006) The case study method and management learning: making the most of a strong story telling tradition in emergency services management education. Aust J Emerg Manag 21(2):11–16

    Google Scholar 

  91. Walmsley DJ (1988) Urban living, the individual in the city. Longman scientific and technical, Longman, London, p 104

    Google Scholar 

  92. Woods F, Gabriel P (2005) Individual responsibility and state-wide strategies: bushfire in Victoria, Australia. In: Know risk. United Nations Tudor Rose, UK, Jeggle T (ed) Leicester, LE1 5RA, UK 376. pp 326–8

    Google Scholar 

  93. Yates J (1992) Assisting the community to plan: A pilot program in Western Australia. The Macedon Digest. Aust J DisasterManag 7(2):12

    Google Scholar 

  94. Yates J (1997) Federalism and disaster mitigation in remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia. Spring, AJEM, 25–32, Emergency Management Australia, Mt Macedon Victoria Australia. Publisher: Grey Worldwide Canberra Australia

    Google Scholar 

  95. Yeo S (2002) Natural Hazards. Flooding in Australia: A review of events in 1998. 25:177–191. Department of Physical Geography, Macquarie University, NSW, http://www.springerlink.com/content/n160g0121800n742/ Natural Hazards 25(2):177–191, 2002. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. http://www.springerlink.com/content/n160g0121800n742/fulltext.pdf

  96. Zamecka A, Buchanan G (2000) Disaster risk management. Queensland Department of Emergency Services, Brisbane, p 115

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kikuchi T, Nakamori Y (2007) Agent model analysis to explore effects of interaction and environment on individual performance. J Syst Sci Complexity 2007 20:1–17. Springer Science + Business Media, Inc

    Google Scholar 

  98. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6963373.stm BBC (2005) Access to 2008, In pictures: Hurricane onslaught

  99. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7055721.stm BBC (2007) Californians flee as fires rage

  100. Mornington Peninsula Shire Council (2006) Fire wise fire management. http://www.mornpen.vic.gov.au/Files/FireWiseFireManagementBooklet.pdf

  101. Cairns City Council (2006) Storm tide maps. http://www.hazardsaustralia.info/Mapping.html

  102. http://maps.redland.qld.gov.au/website/redemapexternal%5Fv2%5F03/Default.aspx, Redlands Shire Accessed 2008 Flood Maps

  103. Queensland Government (1997) Integrated planning act. http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/I/integplana97.pdf

Books and Reviews

  1. Bushnell S, Cottrell A, Spillman M, Lowe D (2006) Thuringowa bushfire case study. Understanding Communities. Project BCRC Program C Community self‐sufficiency for fire safety. Bushfire CRC, JCU CDS, Townsville, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  2. Granger KJ, Smith DI (1995) Storm tide impact and consequence modelling: some preliminary observations. Math Comput Model 21:9:15–21

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Roth W (1897) Ethnological Studies among the North West Central Queensland Aborigines. Queensland government, Brisbane/London

    Google Scholar 

  4. FEMA (2008) Prepare for a Wildfire. Federal Emergency Management Agency. U.S. Department of Homeland Security Washington, DC http://www.fema.gov/hazard/wildfire/wf_prepare.shtm

  5. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (2008) Protecting yourself and your home. Bushfire weather. BoM. Melbourne Australia http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/services_policy/fire_ag/bushfire/protect.htm

  6. Emergency Management Australia (2003). Community safety Bushfire action guide. EMA. Dickson, Australian Capital Territory http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/ema/emainternet.nsf/Page/RWP07C6046B98D07DB8CA256C5A00230553

  7. ABC (2006) Bushfire summer. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Melbourne, www.abc.net.au/bushfire

  8. Geoscience Australia (2005) Sentinel. Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra, ACT, Australia, http://sentinel.ga.gov.au/acres/sentinel/index.shtml

  9. Rural Fire Service (2008) Fire Safety Information. New South Wales Rural Fire Service. NSW Government, Sydney, http://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/dsp_content.cfm?CAT_ID=515 NSW Rural Fire Service, with information in 27 languages

  10. CFA (2008) Country Fire Authority. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au

  11. ESA (2008) Community Education. Emergency Services Agency, Australian Capital Territory, http://www.esa.act.gov.au/esawebsite/content_esa/community_education/community_education.html

Download references

Acknowledgment

I most thank my research guardian and mentor over 15 years, Prof. David King, Director of both the Australian Center for Disaster Studiesand of the Center for Tropical Urban and Regional Planning. David allowed me freedom to develop as an ‘evidence‐based’ scientist, toconceive core approaches to sustainability implementation research; productive in helping render positive change in both disaster management andsustainability planning. Thanks to Australian Bureau of Meteorology staff for their interactive support to improve risk communications, listening to what real people in real hazard zones experience, how they hear warnings, and how the medium and the messages can be and are optimized. The Bureau embraces the core goal to motivate safety‐oriented action by people in hazard zones. The Bureau listens and improves the message and the delivery. The bushfire research of ’06 & 07 was funded by the Australian Bushfire Cooperative Research Center, supported by the University of Tasmania. The 14 years of research reported in this article was not possible without the contributions of Authorities and more than 1000 Australians, old and new, who opened their organizations or doors to myself or research team members and shared their hazard experiences and specific warning needs. Thanks all.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Australian Centre for Disaster Studies, School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

    Douglas Goudie

Authors
  1. Douglas Goudie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Goudie, D. (2009). Evacuation as a Communication and Social Phenomenon . In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_186

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation