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Immunecomputing

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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

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Definition of the Subject

Immunecomputing, or Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), has recently emerged as a computational intelligence approach that show great promise. Inspired by the complexity of the immune system, computer scientists and engineers have created systems that in some way mimic or capture certain computationally appealing properties of the immune system, with the aim of building more robust and adaptable solutions. AIS have been defined by [28] as:

“adaptive systems, inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principle and models, which are applied to problem solving”.

However, in order to build AIS an interdisciplinary approach is required that employs modeling of immunology (both mathematical and computational) in order to understand the underlying complexity inherent within the immune system. AIS do not rival their natural counterparts, they do not exhibit the same level of complexity or even perform the same function, but...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.artificial-immune-systems.org

  2. 2.

    It should be noted that this is a slight departure from the immune network theory, where both suppression and stimulation occur between cells

Abbreviations

Glossary:

Glossary based on [28]:

Affinity:

Measure or tightness of the binding between an antigen combining site and an antigenic determinant; the stronger the binding, the higher the affinity.

Antigen:

Any substance that when introduced into the body, is capable of inducing an immune response.

Antigen presenting cells (APC):

B-cells, cells of the monocyte Lineage (including macrophages as well as dendritic cells), and various other body cells that present antigen in a form that B- and T-cells can recognize.

Antibody:

A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B-cells in response to an antigen. Antibodies are usually defined in terms of their specific binding to an antigen.

B cell:

White blood cells expressing immunoglobulin molecules on its surface. Also known as B‑lymphocytes, they are derived from the bone marrow and develop into plasma cells that are the main antibody secretors.

Clonal selection theory:

A theory that states that the specificity and diversity of an immune response are the result of selection by antigen of specifically reactive clones from a large repertoire of preformed lymphocytes, each with individual specificities.

Dendritic cell:

Set of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) present in lymph nodes, spleen and at low levels in blood, which are particularly active in stimulating T-cells.

Lymph node:

Small organs of the immune system, widely distributed throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels.

Lymphocyte:

White blood cell found in blood, tissue, and in lymphoid organs.

Major histocompatability:

A group of genes encoding polymorphic.

Complex (MHC):

Cell‐surface molecules (MHC class I and II) that are involved in controlling several aspects of the immune response. MHC genes code for self‐markers on all body cells and play a major role in transplantation rejection.

Pathogen:

A microorganism that causes disease.

T Cell:

White blood cell that orchestrate and/or directly participate in the immune defenses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics, University of York, York, UK

    Jon Timmis

  2. Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK

    Jon Timmis

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  1. Jon Timmis
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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Timmis, J. (2009). Immunecomputing. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_282

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