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Noise and Stability in Modelocked Soliton Lasers

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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

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Definition of the Subject

Since its conception in 1958, the laser has become a nearlyubiquitous feature of the technological landscape finding its wayinto a spectacular array of devices from data storage toentertainment to fundamental science and metrology and myriadothers. One of the principal features of the laser is itsremarkable coherence. It is a nearly ideal source of monochromaticradiation and from this property the fields of precisionspectroscopy and timekeeping have reaped huge rewards. Recently, aninnovation in the design of a class of ultrashort-pulse lasers hasresulted in a new type of optical clockwork with stability thatrivals and even supercedes that of the best atomic clocks, includingthe cesium-beam clocks which, by international agreement, are usedto define the second. The nearly perfect train of optical pulsesemitted from these laser clocks are associated with a nearly idealspectrum of periodic spikes, or comb-lines, in the opticalfrequency...

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Abbreviations

First and second laser thresholds:

Minimum conditions forproducing stable and chaotic laser operation, respectively.

Lorenz equations:

A system of three coupled nonlineardifferential equations describing convective fluid flow incells. These equations and their solutions launched the field of chaostheory.

Modelocked laser:

A laser with evenly spaced modes which havetheir phases locked together so that the superposition of the modescreates a periodic train of very short pulses \( { <1\,\mathrm{ps} } \)).

Poisson photon distribution:

Probability of k photons arrivingin a given interval of time for which there are an average of \( { \bar n } \)photons.

Relaxation oscillation:

Periodic fluctuation about anequilibrium point when a system, initially operating in steady-state,is subjected to a transient perturbation. The system “relaxes” backto equilibrium through a (usually) damped sinusoidal response.

Shot noise:

Noise produced by the random arrival of electrons ina photodetector illuminated by a laser field.

Soliton:

A solitary wave packet which is a solution toa nonlinear wave equation in a medium possessing both dispersion andnonlinearity. These effects balance exactly so that the wave packetmaintains its shape and is stable against perturbations.

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Acknowledgments

The author is greatly indebted to many colleagues, friends andteachers who have influenced me over the years. I wish to thankDr. Steven T. Cundiff and Professor Curtis R. Menyuk for theirtremendous contributions and stimulating conversations regardingtheir recent efforts in understanding this vast field. To Dr. JohnL. Hall I owe a great and hearty thanks for all of his pioneeringwork, for his patience as a sounding board and his uniqueperspective on physics. Thanks also to Professors AnthonyE. Siegman, Stephen E. Harris, Robert L. Byer, and especially, Alwyn C. Scott, from whom I learned much. Finally, on behalf of my groupat the University of California, I wish to thank Robert Temple, TomFaulkner and Roger Muat of Agilent Technologies (formerlyHewlett-Packard Company) for numerous donations and countless hoursof tutoring.

This work was supported in part by the David and Lucile PackardFoundation and the National Science Foundation under grantECS-0622235.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, USA

    Brian H. Kolner

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA

    Brian H. Kolner

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Kolner, B.H. (2009). Noise and Stability in Modelocked Soliton Lasers. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_360

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