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Submarine Landslides and Slow Earthquakes: Monitoring Motion with GPS and Seafloor Geodesy

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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

Definition of the Subject

The term ‘submarine landslide’ encompassesa multitude of gravitational mass failure features at areal scales from square meters to thousands of square kilometers. Here, we concentrate on thelarge end of that spectrum, namely the submarine landslides that, when they move either in contained slip events or catastrophically, can generate surfacedisplacements equivalent to \( { > M 6 } \)earthquakes and/or hazardous tsunami.

The term ‘slow earthquake’ describes a discrete slipevent that produces millimeter to meter-scale displacements identical to those produced during earthquakes but without the associated seismicshaking. Slow earthquakes, primarily associated with tectonic fault zones, have been recognized and studied with increasing frequency in the past decadelargely due to the decreasing cost and proliferation of Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic networks capable of detecting the groundmotion [1,2,3]. Recently, one such GPS network on...

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Abbreviations

Submarine landslide:

A gravitational mass failure feature on the seafloor.

Slow earthquake:

A discrete slip event that produces millimeter to meter-scale displacements identical to those produced during earthquakes but without the associated seismic shaking.

GPS:

The Global Positioning System consists of a constellation of at least 24 medium earth orbiting satellites transmitting two or more microwave frequencies for use in precise positioning.

Seafloor geodesy:

The application of geodetic methods (studies of the change in the shape of the earth's surface) applied to a submarine environment.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the US Geological Survey, in particular AstaMiklius, Maurice Sako, and Kevan Kamibayashi, for their collaboration and efforts in operating the CGPS network at Kilauea. We thank Paul Segall of StanfordUniversity for sharing GPS data from this network. We thank Matt Gould and Nick Witzell of WHOI for engineering support. We thank Capt. Rick Myer and thecrew of the R/V Kilo Moana for their help in deploying and retrieving the extensometers. We thank Mark Schenewerk for help with implementing PAGES. We thankKatie Phillips and Dave Chadwell for helpful discussion and sharing a manuscript in preparation. We thank Cecily Wolfe and Gerard Fryer for stimulatingdiscussion. In particular we thank J. Moore, T. Lowry, and D. Chadwell for thorough and insightful reviews which improved this contribution. This researchwas supported by the Geophysics and Geochemistry programs of the US National Science Foundation, grants from School of Ocean and Earth Science andTechnology at the University of Hawaii, and a grant from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA

    Benjamin A. Brooks & James H. Foster

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA

    Jeffrey J. McGuire & Mark Behn

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  1. Benjamin A. Brooks
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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Brooks, B.A., Foster, J.H., McGuire, J.J., Behn, M. (2009). Submarine Landslides and Slow Earthquakes: Monitoring Motion with GPS and Seafloor Geodesy. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_529

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