For image sensors, photon conversion into electrons at a pixel is a random event. Random fluctuations in the number of electrons for a fixed number of photons are referred to as shot noise. The standard model for shot noise is that the noise is proportional to the square root of the number of electrons generated. Hence, the signal/noise ratio is proportional to √ N, where N is the number of electrons.
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(2009). Shot Noise. In: Li, S.Z., Jain, A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Biometrics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_530
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_530
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