Phoneme

The phoneme is to spoken language what the letter is to written language – the representation of an individual speech sound. The English word “sick” comprises the three phonemes /s-I-k/, whereas “thick” consists of /θ-I-k/, “sack” consists of /s-æ-k/, and sit consists of /s-I-t/. The phonetic symbols, which can be used for the sounds of any language, are defined in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Strictly speaking, the phoneme is an abstract concept used in linguistics, and phonemes often correspond to complex compound sounds. For example, the phoneme /b/ (as in “big”) is produced by the speaker first closing the lips and then releasing the built-up air pressure creating a plosive sound. The period of lip closure, the plosion and the transitions to and from the previous and subsequent phonemes are all identifiable as distinct events in the audio stream.

Liveness Assurance in Voice Authentication

Voice Sample Synthesis