Abstract
This chapter examines system-level design of power-efficient systems-on-chip. It starts by examining the sources of power consumption, considering high-level techniques for power-efficient processing, storage and on-chip communication. It also discusses algorithmic- and architecture-driven software transformations and application embedding for power-efficient embedded software. Then, it provides a glimpse at research and development of computer-aided design tools for effective multicore SoC power estimation, analysis and optimization at different abstraction levels and especially system-level modeling, including efforts towards standardization of power formats to enable tool interoperability. Finally, it considers state-of-the-art runtime power management and optimization techniques, including dynamic voltage scaling (DVS), frequency scaling (DFS) and other NoC-based power saving mechanisms. This chapter concludes by briefly outlining future trends towards true system-level power-aware design, providing a large list of references for further study
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
M. Coppola, M.D. Grammatikakis, R. Locatelli, G. Maruccia, and L. Pieralisi, “Design of cost-efficient interconnect processing units: Spidergon STNoC”, CRC Press, Inc., (2008).
T.Cohen, N. Sriram, D. Leland, Moyer, et al., “Soft Error Considerations for Deep-Submicron CMOS Circuit Applications”, in Proc. IEEE International Electron Device Meeting (IEDM), pp. 315–318, (1999).
H.J. Veendrick, “Short-Circuit Dissipation of Static CMOS Circuitry and its Impact on the Design of Buffer Circuits”, J. Solid-State Circ., SC-19 (4), pp. 468–473, (1984).
T. Burd et. al., “A dynamic voltage scaled Microprocessor System”, in Proc. Int. Solid State Circ. Conf., (2000).
A. Chandrakasan and R. Brodersen, “Low power digital CMOS design”, Kluwer Academic Publisher, (1995).
A. Chatzigeorgiou and G. Stephanides, “Evaluating performance and power of object-oriented vs. procedural programming in embedded processors”, LNCS 2361, J. Blieberger and A. Strohmeier (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 65–75, (2002).
H. Mehta, R.M. Owens, and M.J. Irwin, “Some issues in Gray code addressing”, in Proc. Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, pp. 178–180, (1996).
E. Macii, M. Pedram, and F. Somenzi, “High level power modeling, estimation and optimzation”, IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 17, pp. 1061–1079, (1998).
D. Lidsky and J. Rabaey, “Early power exploration: A world wide web application”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., (1996).
P. Landman, “Low-Power architectural design methodologies”, Ph.D. Dissertation, UC Berkeley, (1994).
P. Landman and J. Rabaey, “Architectural power analysis: The dual bit type method”, IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, 3(2), pp. 173-187, (1995).
P. Landman and J. Rabaey, “Activity-sensitive architectural power analysis”, IEEE Trans. on CAD, 15(6), pp. 571–587, (1996).
T. Sato, Y. Ootaguro, M. Nagamatsu, and H. Tago, “Evaluation of architecture-level power estimation for CMOS RISC processors”, in Proc. Symp. Low-Power Electr., pp. 44–45, (1995).
V. Tiwari, S. Malik, and A Wolfe, “Power analysis of embedded software: a first step towards software power minimization”, IEEE Trans. VLSI, 2(4), pp. 437–445, (1994).
WattWatcher Product Sheet, Sente Corp., Chelmsford, MA, (1995).
S. Powell and P. Chau, “Estimating power dissipation of VLSI signal processing chips: The PFA technique”, J. VLSI Signal Proc., Vol. IV, pp. 250–259, (1990).
L. Benini, and G. De Micheli, “System-level power optimization: techniques and tools”, ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, 5(2), pp. 115–192, (2000).
V. Tiwari, R. Donnelly, S. Malik, and R. Gonzalez, “Dynamic power management for microprocessors: A case study”, VLSI Design, 185–192, (1997).
V. Tiwari, S. Malik, A. Wolfe, and M. Tien-Chien Lee, “Instruction level power analysis and optimization of software,” VLSI Design, 13(2), pp. 223–238, (1996).
M. Caldari, M. Conti, M. Coppola, P. Crippa, et al., “System-level power analysis methodology applied to the AMBA AHB bus”, in Proc. Design Automation and Test in Europe Conf., pp. 32–37, (2003).
T.D. Burd and R.W. Brodersen, “Design issues for dynamic voltage scaling”, in Proc. ISLPED, pp. 9–14, (2000).
C. Kulkarni, F. Catthoor, and H. De Man, “Advanced data layout organization for multimedia applications”, in Proc. IPDPS - Workshop on Parallel, Distributed Computing in Image Processing, Video Processing and Multimedia, (2000).
V. Tiwari, R. Donnelly, S. Malik, and R. Gonzalez, “Dynamic Power Management for Microprocessors: A case study”, VLSI Design, pp. 185–192, (1997).
V. Tiwari, S. Malik, A. Wolfe, and M. T-C. Lee, “Instruction level power analysis and optimization of software”, J. VLSI Signal Proc., 13(2), pp. 223–238, (1996).
V. Tiwari, S. Malik, and A. Wolfe, “Power analysis of embedded software: a first step towards software power minimization”. IEEE Trans. VLSI, 2(4), pp. 437–445, (1994).
Intel PXA27x Processor Family, Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Specification, Technical Report, (2005).
M. Farrahi, G. E. Tellez, and M. Sarrafzadeh, “Memory segmentation to exploit sleep mode operation”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., pp. 36–41, (1995).
F. Catthoor, K. Danckaert, C. Kulkarni, E. Brockmeyer, et al., “Data access and storage management for embedded programmable processors”, Kluwer Acad. Publ., (2002).
H. Zhang and J.M. Rabaey, “Low-swing interconnect interface circuits”, in Proc. Int. Symp. Low Power Electr. and Design, pp. 161–166, (1998).
M. Pedram, and H. Vaishnav, “Power optimization in VLSI layout: A survey”, J. VLSI Signal Processing, 15(3), pp. 221–232, (1997).
L. Xie and P. Qiu, and Q. Qiu, “Partitioned bus coding for energy reduction”, in Proc. Asia South Pacific Design Automation Conf., pp. 1280–1283, (2005).
D.Bertozzi, L. Benini, and G. De Micheli, “Low-Power Error-Resilient Encoding for On-Chip Data Busses”, in Proc. Design Automation and Test in Europe Conf., pp. 102–109, (2002).
J. Walrand, P. Varaiya, High-Performance Communication Networks. Morgan Kaufman, (2000).
I. Papadimitriou, M. Paterakis, “Energy-conserving access protocols for transmitting data in unicast and broadcast mode”, in Proc. Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication, pp. 416–420, (2000).
A. Tanenbaum, “Computer networks”. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (1999).
C. Patel, S. Chai, S. Yalamanchili, D. Shimmel, “Power constrained design of multiprocessor interconnection networks”, IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer Design, pp. 408–416, (1997).
H. Zhang, M. Wan, V. George, J. Rabaey, “Interconnect architecture exploration for low-energy configurable single-chip DSPs”, IEEE Computer Society Workshop on VLSI, pp. 2–8, (1999).
T.T. Ye, L. Benini , and G. De Micheli . “Packetization and routing analysis of on-chip multiprocessor networks”, J. Syst. Arch. - Special Issue on Networks on Chip, 50 (2-3), pp. 81–104, (2004).
P.T. Wolkotte, G. J.M. Smit, N. Kavaldjiev, Jens E. Beckerand J. Becker, “Energy model of networks-on-chip and a bus”,. in Proc. Int. Symp. System-on-Chip, pp. 82–85, (2005).
M.R. Stan and W.P. Burleson, “Low-power encodings for global communication in CMOS VLSI”, IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst., 5, pp. 444–455, (1997).
D. Brooks, V. Tiwari and M. Martonosi, “Wattch: A Framework for Architectural-Level Power Analysis and Optimizations”, in Proc. ProcInt. Symp. Comp. Arch., (2000).
M. Kandemir, N. Vijaykrishnan, M. Irwin, and W. Ye, “Influence of compiler optimizations on system power”, in Proc. 37th Design Automation Conf., (2000).
J. Hu and R. Marculescu. “Exploiting the routing flexibility for energy/performance aware mapping of regular NoC architectures”, in Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf., (2003).
J. Hu and R. Marculescu. “Energy-aware communication and task scheduling for network-on-chip architectures under real-time constraints”, in Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf., (2004).
J. Hu and R. Marculescu. “Energy- and performance-aware mapping for regular noc architectures”. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design of Integr. Circ. and Syst., 24(4), pp. 551–562, (2005).
S. Murali and G. De Micheli. “Bandwidth-constrained mapping of cores onto NoC architectures”, in Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf., (2004).
S. Murali and G. De Micheli. “SUNMAP: a tool for automatic topology selection and generation for NoCs”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., (2004).
L. Bononi, N. Concer, and M. Grammatikakis, “System-level tools for NoC-based multicore design” in Embedded Multicore Architectures. Ed. G. Kornaros, Chapter 6, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, (2009).
C. Marcon, N. Calazans, F. Moraes, and A. Susin. “Exploring NoC mapping strategies: an energy and timing aware technique”, in Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe, (2005).
S. Rosinger, K. Schroder, and W. Nebel, “Power management aware low leakage behavioural synthesis”, Int. Conf. Digital Syst. Design, pp. 149–156, (2009).
ChipVision, “Orinoco: A high-level power estimation and optimization tool suite”, see http://www.chipvision.com
Synopsys Innovator, Datasheet. Available from http://www.synopsys.com/virtualplatform
X. Liu and M.C. Papaefthymiou, “HyPE: hybrid power estimation for ip-based programmable systems”, in Proc. Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conf., pp. 606–609, (2003).
A. Sinha and A.Chandrakasan, “JouleTrack – A web-based tool for software energy profiling”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., pp. 220–225, (2001).
E. Senn, J. Laurent, N. Julien, and E. Martin, “Softexplorer: estimating and optimizing the power and energy consumption of a C program for DSP applications”, EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Proc., Vol 1, pp. 2641–2654, (2005).
T. Simunic, L. Benini, and G. D. Micheli, “Cycle-accurate simulation of energy consumption in embedded systems”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., pp. 867–872, (1999).
J. Henkel and Y. Li, “Avalanche: an environment for design space exploration and optimization of low-power embedded systems”, Transactions on VLSI Systems, 10, pp. 454–468, (2002).
T. M. Lajolo, A. Raghunathan, S. Dey, and L. Lavagno, “Efficient power co-estimation techniques for system-on- chip design,” in Proc. Design Automation and Test in Europe Conf., (2000).
BullDast, Powerchecker: An integrated environment for rtl power estimation and optimization”, Version 4.0, available from http://www.bulldast.com
PowerChecker by BullDAST, see http://www.bulldast.com/powerchecker.html.
Bluespec, see http://bluespec.com
F. Klein, G. Araujo, R. Azevedo, R. Leao, et al., “PowerSC: An efficient framework for high-level power exploration”, in Proc. Midwest Symp. Circ. and Syst., pp. 1046–1049, (2007)
L. Pieralisi, M. Caldari, G.B. Vece, M. Conti, et al., “Power-Kernel: Power analysis methodology and library in SystemC”, in Proc. VLSI Circ. and Syst., Vol. II, (2005).
M. Caldari, M. Conti, M. Coppola, P. Crippa, et al. “System-level power analysis methodology applied to the AMBA AHB Bus”, in Proc. Design Automation and Test in Europe Conf., (2003).
S. Xanthos, A. Chatzigeorgiou, and G. Stephanides, “Energy estimation with systemC: A programmer's perspective”, in Proc. WSEAS Int. Conf. on Systems, Computational Methods in Circuits and Systems Applications, pp.1–6, (2003).
IEEE P1801, available from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, and G. D. Micheli, “A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management”, IEEE Trans. VLSI, 8(3), pp. 299–316, (2000).
ITRS, 2009, http://www.itrs.net
The European Design Automation Roadmap, available from http://www.medeaplus.org
P. Hofstee. “Power efficient processor architecture and the Cell processor, in Proc. HPCA-11, (2005).
P. Kongetira, K. Aingaran, and K. Olukotun, “A 32-way multithreaded SPARC processor”, IEEE Micro, 25, pp. 21–29, (2005).
W. Dally and B. Towles, “Route packets, not wires: on-chip interconnection networks”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., (2001).
R. Ho, K. Mai, and M. Horowitz, “The future of wires”, in Proc. IEEE, 89(4), (2001).
N. Magen, A. Kolodny, U. Weiser, and N. Shamir, “Interconnect power dissipation in a microprocessor”, in Proc. System Level Interconnect Prediction, (2004).
Y. Hu, Y. Zhu, H. Chen, R. Graham, and C.-K Cheng, “Communication latency aware low power NoC synthesis”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., pp. 574–579, (2006).
V. Soteriou and L.-S. Peh, “Exploring the design space of self-regulating power-aware on/off interconnection networks”, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., 18(3), 393–408, (2007).
X. Chen and L.-S. Peh, “Leakage power modeling and optimization in interconnection networks”, in Proc. Symp. Low Power Electr. and Design, (2003).
P.-P. Sotiriadis and A. Chandrakasan, “Bus energy minimization by transition pattern coding (TPC) in deep submicron technologies”, in Proc. Int. Conf., pp. 322–327, (2000).
T. Lv, J. Henkel, H. Lekatsas, and W. Wolf, “A dictionary-based en/decoding scheme for low-power data buses”, IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst., 11 (5), pp. 943–951, (2003).
M.R. Stan and W.P. Burleson, “Bus-invert coding for low power I/O”, IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst., 3 (1), pp. 49–58, (1995).
V. Wen, M. Whitney, Y. Patel, and J. Kubiatowicz, “Exploiting prediction to reduce power on buses.”, in Proc. Symp. High Proc. Comp. Arch., pp. 2–13, (2004).
K. Lee, S.-J. Lee, and H.-J. You, “SILENT: serialized low energy transmission coding for on-chip interconnection networks”, in Proc. Int. Conf. CAD, pp. 448–451, (2004).
G. Kornaros, “Temporal coding schemes for energy efficient data transmission in Systems-on-Chip”, in Proc. Workshop Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems, pp. 111–118, (2009).
D. Ernst, N.S. Kim, S. Das, S. Pant, et al., “A low-power pipeline based on circuit-level timing speculation”, in Proc. Int. Symp. Micro-architecture, pp. 7–18, (2003).
A. Drake, R. Senger, H. Deogun, G. Carpenter, et al., “A distributed critical-path timing monitor for a 65nm high-performance microprocessor ”, in Proc. Solid-State Circuits Conf., (2007).
R. McGowen, C. A. Poirier, C. Bostak, J. Ignowski, et al., “Power and Temperature Control on a 90nm Itanium Family Processor”, IEEE Journal on Solid State circuits, 41 (1), pp. 229–237, (2006).
P. Royannez, et. al., “90nm low leakage SoC design techniques for wireless applications”, in Proc. Solid State Circuits Conf., (2005).
C. Qikai, M. Meterelliyoz, and K. Roy, “A CMOS thermal sensor and its applications in temperature adaptive design”, in Proc. Int. Symp. Quality Electronic Design, (2006).
S. Remarsu and S. Kundu, “On process variation tolerant low cost thermal sensor design in 32nm CMOS technology”, in Proc. Great Lakes symposium on VLSI, pp. 487–492, (2009).
T. Wolf, S. Mao, D. Kumar, B. Datta, W. Burleson, and G. Gogniat, “Collaborative monitors for embedded system security”, in Proc. Workshop on Embedded Syst. Security, (2006).
C Isci, G Contreras, and M Martonosi, “Live, runtime phase monitoring and prediction on real systems with application to dynamic power management”, in Proc. Int. Symposium on Microarchitecture, (2006).
L.F. Leung and C.Y. Tsui, “Energy-aware synthesis of networks-on-chip implemented with voltage islands”, in Proc. Design Automation Conf., pp. 128–131, (2007).
U.Y. Ogras, R. Marculescu, P. Choudhary, and D. Marculescu, “Voltage-frequency island partitioning for gals-based networks-on-chip”, in Proc Design Automation Conf., pp. 110–115, (2007).
Acknowledgements
Work of the first author towards this project has been indirectly funded by ISD S.A. and in particular, EU sources: a) ARTEMIS/SCALOPES “SCAlable LOw Power Embedded platformS” Joint Undertaking under grant agreement n¯ 100029 (duration: 2009–2010), and b) ENIAC MODERN “MOdeling and DEsign of Reliable, process variation-aware Nanoelectronic devices, circuits and systems” under reference n¯ ENIAC-120003 MODERN (duration 2009–2011), and corresponding Greek funding authorities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grammatikakis, M.D., Kornaros, G., Coppola, M. (2011). Power‐Aware Multicore SoC and NoC Design. In: Hübner, M., Becker, J. (eds) Multiprocessor System-on-Chip. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6460-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6460-1_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6459-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6460-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)