Abstract
The neural-network theories aim at two goals in medicine and biology: modeling of the neural structures and functions, and development of computational methods for the analysis of the experimental data. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was originally intended for the explanation of certain brain functions and organizations, but it has later been accepted as a new statistical analysis method to many fields of science and technology. At least 3700 scientific works on the SOM have been published. In its basic form, the SOM forms illustrative nonlinear projections of high-dimensional data manifolds, and these projections, usually produced on a two-dimensional display grid, help in the visualization and understanding of the relationships between complex data sets.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gray RM. IEEE ASSP Mag 1984; 1:4–29
Kohonen T. Self-Organizing Maps. Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed 1997
Kaski S, Kangas J, Kohonen T. Bibliography of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) Papers: 1981-1997. Neural Computing Surveys 1998; 1(3&4):1–176. Available in electronic form at http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~jagota/NCS/: vol 1, pp 102-350
Tsao ECK et al. Proc 5th Florida AI Res Symp, 1992
Sardy S, Ibrahim L. Opt Eng 1996; 35:2182–2187
Ahmed MN, Farag AA. Proc ICNN’97
Bertsch H, Dengler J. DAGM-Symp Mustererkennung, 1987
Dhawan AP, Arata L. Proc ICNN’93
Dhawan AP, Arata L. Computer Meth and Programs in Biomed 1993; 40:203–215
Karpouzas I et al. Cybernetica 1995; 38:195–199
Helbing M et al. 4th Int Workshop on Systems, Signals and Image Processing, 1997
Cios KJ et al. Proc Computers in Cardiology, 1990
Gabriel G et al. Proc IJCNN-93
Joo CH, Choi JS. Trans Korean Inst of Electr Eng 1991; 40:374–381
Pan HL, Chen YC. Patt Rec Lett 1992; 13:355–368
Patel D et al. Proc WCNN’94
Vercauteren L et al. Proc INNC’90
Turner M et al. Image and Vision Computing 1993, 11:235–239
Turner M et al. Proc ICANN’94
Turner M et al. Proc British Machine Vision Assoc Conf, 1992
Turner M et al. In: Artificial Neural Networks 2, 1992
Manduca A. Proc ICNN’94
Manduca A. In: Intelligent Engineering Systems Through Artificial Neural Networks, 1994
Manduca A. Proc ICIP-94
Myklebust G et al. Proc Eighth IEEE Symp on Computer-Based Medical Systems, 1995
Oravec M. Proc 3rd Int Conf on Digital Signal Processing, 1997
Berger A et al. Proc 5th Fuzzy Days, 1997
Dorffner G et al. Proc ICANN’93
Elo P al. In: Artificial Neural Networks 2, 1992
Elo P. Technical Report 1-92, Tampere University of Technology, 1992
Flotzinger D et al. Biomed Tech (Berlin) 1992; 37:303–309
Flotzinger D et al. Proc WCNN’93
Flotzinger D. Proc ICANN’93
Jervis BW et al. In: IEE Colloquium on ‘Intelligent Decision Support Systems and Medicine’ (Digest No 143), 1992
Jervis BW et al. IEE Proc Science, Measurement and Technology 1994; 141:432–440
Joutsiniemi SL et al. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1995; 42:1062–1068
Kaski S, Joutsiniemi SL. Proc ICANN’93
Morton PE et al. Proc IEEE 17th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conf, 1991
Peltoranta M. PhD thesis, Graz University of Technology, 1992
Peltoranta M, Pfurtscheller G. Med & Biol Eng & Comput 1994; 32:189–196
Pfurtscheller G et al. Electroencephal and Clin Neurophys 1992; 82:313–315
Pfurtscheller G et al. Electroencephal and Clin Neurophys 1996; 99:416–425
Pradhan N et al. Computers and Biomed Res 1996; 29:303–313
Pregenzer M et al. In: Proc ESANN’95
Roberts S, Tarassenko L. Proc 2nd Int Conf Artificial Neural Networks (IEE), 1991
Roberts S, Tarassenko L. IEE Colloquium on ‘Neurological Signal Processing’ (Digest No. 069), 1992
Roberts S, Tarassenko L. IEE Proc F [Radar and Signal Processing] 1992; 139:420–425
Roberts S, Tarassenko L. Med & Biol Eng & Comput 1992; 30:509–517
Portin K. PhD thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 1998
Portin K et al. Electroencephal and Clin Neurophys 1996; 98:273–280
Portin K et al. Proc XXVII Ann Conf Finnish Physical Society, 1993
Conde T. Proc ICNN’94
Dokur Z et al. Med Eng & Phys 1997; 19:738–741
Hu YH et al. Proc NNSP’95
Ishikawa S et al. Trans Inst Electr, Inf & Comm Eng 1996; J79D-II:1646–1649
Koski A. Patt Rec Lett 1996; 17:1215–1222
Morabito M et al. Proc Computers in Cardiology, 1991
Presedo J et al. In: Computers in Cardiology, 1996
Reinhardt L et al. Ann of Noninv Electrocardiol 1997; 2:331–337
Abel EW et al. Med Eng & Phys 1996; 18:12–17
Bodruzzaman M et al. Proc WCNN’95
Christodoulou CI, Pattichis CS. Proc 1995 IEEE Int Conf Neural Networks
Graupe D, Liu R. Proc 32nd Midwest Symp on Circuits and Systems, 1990
Pattichis CS et al. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1995; 42:486–496
Pattichis CS et al. 1994 IEEE Int Conf on Neural Networks, World Congr on Computational Intelligence, 1994
Schizas CN et al. In: Computer-Based Medical Systems, 1991
Lin S et al. Proc ICANN’95
Lin S et al. Proc SPIE 1996; 2718:540–551
Lin S et al. Neural Computation 1997; 9:607–621
Blanchet M et al. Proc IJCNN-93
Blanchet M et al. Proc 7’th Symp Biological and Physiological Engineering, 1992
Rodriguez MJ et al. Proc Computers in Cardiology, 1993
Rodriguez MJ et al. Proc IWANN’ 93
Rodriquez MJ et al. Proc WCNN’93
Kallio K et al. In: Artificial Neural Networks, 1991
Köhle M et al. Proc CBMS’97
Köhle M, Merkl D. Proc ES ANN’96
Köhle M, Merkl D. Proc ACNN’96
Papadourakis G et al. Math & Comp in Simul 1996; 40:623–635
Schizas CN et al. Proc 1992 Int Biomedical Engineering Days
Taibi G et al. Proc 4th Italian Workshop on Neural Nets, 1992
Pesonen E et al. Int J Bio-Med Comp 1996; 40(3):227–233
Pesonen E et al. Methods Inform Med 1998; 37:59–63
Evans W et al. Proc Int Conf on Neural Networks and Expert Systems in Medicine and Healthcare, 1994
Zaharia CN, Barbu C. 8th European Simulation Symposium, 1996
Liu X, Cheng G, Wu J. Proc ICNN’94
Liu X, Cheng G, Wu JX. Artif Intell in Med 1994; 6:401–415
Leinonen L et al. Scand J Log Phon 1993; 18:159–167
Leinonen L et al. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 1997; 49:9–20
Leinonen L et al. Suomen Logopedis-Foniatrinen Aikakauslehti 1991; 10(2):4–9
Leinonen L et al. In: Artificial Neural Networks, 1991
Leinonen L et al. J Speech and Hearing Res 1992; 35:287–295
Leinonen L et al. Tekniikka logopediassa ja foniatriassa 1992; (26):41–45
Leinonen L et al. Suomen logopedis-foniatrinen aikakauslehti 1996; 16:89–96
Stevens RH et al. Proc WCNN’95
Gasteiger J, Zupan J. Angewandte Chemie (int ed in English) 1993; 32:503–527
Bienfait B, Gasteiger J. J Molec Graph & Modell 1997; 15:203–215, 254-258
Bienfait B. J Chem Inf & Comp Sci 1994; 34:890–898
Zell A et al. Proc ICNN’94
Andrade MA et al. Biol Cyb 1997; 76:441–450
Andrare MA et al. Protein Eng 1993; 6:383–390
Ferrán EA et al. Proc First Int Conf on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, 1993
Ferrán EA, Ferrara P. In: Artificial Neural Networks, 1991
Ferrán EA, Ferrara P. Int J Neural Networks 1992; 3:221–226
Ferrán EA et al. In: Artificial Neural Networks 2, 1992
Ferrán EA, Pflugfelder B. Comput Appl Biosci 1993; 9:671–680
Ferrán EA, Ferrara P. Biol Cyb 1991; 65:451–458
Ferrán EA, Ferrara P. Comput Appl Biosci 1992; 8:39–44
Ferrán EA, Ferrara P. Physica A 1992; 185:395–401
Merelo JJ et al. Proc IWANN’91
Merelo JJ et al. Proc Neuro-Nimes’ 91
Merelo JJ et al. Neurocomputing 1994; 6:443–454
Giuliano F et al. Comput Applic Biosci 1993; 9:687–693
Goodacre R. Microbiol Europe 1994; 2:16–22
Goodacre R et al. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie—Int J Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Parasitology and Infectious Diseases 1996; 284:501–515
Goodacre R et al. J Appl Bacteriology 1994; 76:124–134
Goodacre R et al. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 1996; 34:69–83
Menard F, Fogelman-Soulié F. Proc INNC’90
Fernandez JJ, Carazo JM. Ultramicroscopy 1996; 65:81–93
van Osdol WW et al. Proc WCNN’95
Weinstein JN et al. Proc WCNN’95
Vapola M et al. Proc ICANN’94
Vapola M et al. Proc Conf Artificial Intelligence Research in Finland, 1994
Kohonen T. Proc WCNN’94
Kohonen T, Hari R. Trends Neurosci 1999; 22:135–139
Bauer HU et al. Network: Computation in Neural Systems 1997; 8:17–33
Bauer HU et al. Proc WSOM’97
Bauer HU. Proc ICANN’94
Bauer HU. Neural Computation 1995; 7:36–50
Obermayer K et al. In: Artificial Neural Networks, 1991
Obermayer K et al. IEICE Trans Fund Electr Comm Comp Sci 1992; E75-A:537–545
Obermayer K. Proc Conf Prerational Intelligence, 1993
Obermayer K et al. Phys Rev A [Statist Phys, Plasmas, Fluids & Related Interdisc Topics] 1992; 45:7568–7589
Obermayer K et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:8345–8349
Obermayer K et al. Proc IJCNN-90
Obermayer K et al In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3, 1991
Obermayer K et al. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 4, 1992
Obermayer K. Adaptive neuronale Netze und ihre Anwendung als Modelle der Entwicklung kortikaler Karten. Infix Verlag, Sankt Augustin, 1993
Pomierski T et al. Proc ICANN’93
Saarinen J, Kohonen T. Perception 1985; 14:711–719
Luckman AJ, Allinson NM. In: Visual Search, 1992
Kita H, Nishikawa Y. Proc WCNN’93
Martinetz T et al. In: Connectionism in Perspective, 1989
Grönfors T. Proc Conf Artificial Intelligence Research in Finland, 1994
Morasso P, Sanguineti V. Proc ICANN’94
Glaria-Bengoechea A, Burnod Y. In: Artificial Neural Networks, 1991
Saxon JB. Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University, 1991
Luckman AJ, Allinson M. Proc Soc Photo-opt Instr Eng 1990; 1197:98–108
Werkowitz EB. Master’s thesis, Air Force Inst of Tech, 1991
Sutton III GG et al. Neural Computation 1994; 6:1–13
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag London
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kohonen, T. (2000). An Unsupervised Learning Method that Produces Organized Representations from Real Information. In: Malmgren, H., Borga, M., Niklasson, L. (eds) Artificial Neural Networks in Medicine and Biology. Perspectives in Neural Computing. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0513-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0513-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-289-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0513-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive