Abstract
Crash recovery in database systems aims to provide an acceptable level of protection from failure at a given engineering cost. A large number of recovery mechanisms are known, and have been compared both analytically and empirically. However, recent trends in computer hardware present different engineering tradeoffs in the design of recovery mechanisms. In particular, the comparative improvement in the speed of processors over disks suggests that disk I/O activity is the dominant expense. Furthermore, the improvement of disk transfer time relative to seek time has made patterns of disk access more significant. The contribution of the MaStA (Massachusetts St Andrews) cost model is that it is structured independently of machine architectures and application workloads. It determines costs in terms of I/O categories, access patterns and application workload parameters. The main features of the model are:
-
Cost is based upon a probabilistic estimation of disk activity, broken down into sequential, asynchronous, clustered synchronous, and unclustered synchronous disk accesses for each recovery scheme.
-
The model may be calibrated by different disk performance characteristics, either simulated, measured by experiment or predicted by analysis.
-
The model may be used over a wide variety of workloads, including those typical of object-oriented and database programming systems.
The paper contains a description of the model and illustrates its utility by analysing four recovery mechanisms, delivering performance predictions for these mechanisms when used for some specific workloads and execution platforms. The refinement of I/O cost into the various access patterns is shown to give qualitative predictions differing from those of uniform access time models. Further the results are shown to vary qualitatively between two commercially available configurations. The paper concludes by proposing a validation strategy for the model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal, R. & DeWitt, D. “Integrating Concurrency Control and Recovery Mechanisms: Design and Performance Evaluation”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 1985, pp 529–564.
Atkinson, M.P., Birnie, A., Jackson, N. & Philbrow, P.C. “Measuring Persistent Object Systems” In Proc. 5th International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems, San Miniato, Italy (1992). In Persistent Object Systems (Eds. A. Albano & R. Morrison). Springer-Verlag pp 63–85.
Brown, A.L. “Persistent Object Stores”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of St Andrews (1989).
Brown, A.L., Dearie, A., Morrison, R., Munro, D.S. & Rosenberg, J. “A Layered Persistent Architecture for Napier88”. International Workshop on Computer Architectures to Support Security and Persistence of Information, Universität Bremen, West Germany, (May 1990). In Security and Persistence. (Eds. J. Rosenberg & L. Keedy). Springer-Verlag, 155–172.
Brown, A.L. & Rosenberg, J. “Persistent Object Stores: An Implementation Technique”. In Dearie, Shaw, Zdonik (eds.), Implementing Persistent Object Bases, Principles and Practice, Morgan Kaufmann, 1991 pp 199–212.
Carey, M.J., DeWitt, D.J., Frank, D., Graefe, G., Muralikrishna, M., Richardson, J.E. & Shekita, E.J. “The Architecture of the EXODUS Extensible DBMS”. In Twelfth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1986 pp 52–65.
Carey, M.J., DeWitt, D.J. & Naughton, J.F. “The 007 Benchmark”. In SIGMOD Conference on the Management of Data, 1993.
Cattell, R.G.G. & Skeen, J. “Object Operations Benchmark”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems 17,1 (1992) pp 1–31
Challis, M.P. “Data Consistency and Integrity in a Multi-User Environment”. Databases: Improving Usability and Responsiveness, Academic Press, 1978.
Elhardt, K. & Bayer, R. “A Database Cache for High Performance and Fast Restart in Database Systems”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, Vol. 9, No. 4, December 1984, Pages 503–525.
Gray, J.N. “Notes on Database Operating Systems”. LNCS 60, Springer-Verlag (1978) pp 393–481.
Haerder, T. & Reuter, A. “Principles of Transaction-Oriented Database Systems”. ACM Computing Surveys, 15,4 (1983) pp 287–318.
Hagmann, R.B. “Reimplementing the Cedar file system using logging and group commit”. In Proc. 11th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1987 pp 155–162.
Kent, J., Garcia-Molina, H. & Chung, J. “An experimental evaluation of crash recovery mechanisms”. In Proc 4th ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (1985) pp 113–122.
Koch, B., Schunke, T., Dearie, A., Vaughan, F., Marlin, C., Fazakerley, R. & Barter C. “Cache Coherency and Storage Management in a Persistent Object System”, in Dearie, Shaw, Zdonik (eds.), Implementing Persistent Object Bases, Principles and Practice, Morgan Kaufmann, 1991 pp 103–113.
Lorie, A.L. “Physical Integrity in a Large Segmented Database”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 2,1 (1977) pp 91–104.
Morrison, R., Brown, A.L., Connor, R.C.H. & Dearie, A. “The Napier88 Reference Manual”. University of St Andrews Technical Report PPRR-77–89 (1989).
Moss, J.E.B. & Sinofsky, S. “Managing persistent data with Mneme: Designing a reliable shared object interface”. In Dittrich, K.R. (ed.) Advances in Object-Oriented Database Systems: Second International Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems, LNCS 334, Springer-Verlag, 1988 pp 298–316.
Munro, D.S., Connor, R.C.H., Morrison, R., Scheuert, S. & Stemple, D.W. “Concurrent Shadow Paging in the Flask Architecture”. To appear in Proc. 6th International Workshop on Persistent Object Systems, Tarascon, France (1994).
Munro, D.S. “On the Integration of Concurrency, Distribution and Persistence”. Ph.D. Thesis, University of St Andrews (1993).
O’Toole, J. & Shrira, L. “Opportunistic Log: Efficient Installation Reads in a Reliable Object Server”. Technical Report MIT/LCS-TM-506, March 1994. To appear in 1st International Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Monterey, CA (1994).
Reuter, A. “Performance Analysis of Recovery Techniques”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 9,4 (1984), pp 526–559.
Rosenberg J., Henskens F., Brown A.L., Morrison R. & Munro D.S. “Stability in a Persistent Store Based on a Large Virtual Memory.”. International Workshop on Computer Architectures to Support Security and Persistence of Information, Universität Bremen, West Germany, (May 1990). In Security and Persistence. (Eds: J. Rosenberg & L. Keedy). Springer-Verlag pp 229–245.
Rosenblum, M. & Ousterhout, J.K. “The design and implementation of a logstructured file system”. In Proc 13th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1991 pp 1–15.
Severance, D. “A Practical Guide to the Design of Differential Files for Recovery of On-line Databases”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 7,4 (1982) pp 540–565.
Scheuerl, S., Connor R.C.H., Morrison, R., Moss, J.E.B. & Munro, D.S. “MaStA — An I/O Cost Model for Database Crash Recovery Mechanisms” Technical Report CS/95/1 (1995), University of St Andrews.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 British Computer Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Scheuerl, S., Connor, R.C.H., Morrison, R., Moss, J.E.B., Munro, D.S. (1996). The MaStA I/O Cost Model and its Validation Strategy. In: Eder, J., Kalinichenko, L.A. (eds) Advances in Databases and Information Systems. Workshops in Computing. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1486-4_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1486-4_21
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76014-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1486-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive