Skip to main content

Designing for Knowledge Transfer

  • Chapter
Human Machine Symbiosis

Part of the book series: Human-centred Systems ((HCS))

  • 120 Accesses

Abstract

What knowledge can be represented? Is it possible to represent practical knowledge? Is it possible to represent personal knowledge? These issues are concerned with design as a process where design is an example of the formation and transfer of knowledge, as well as with two contrasting ‘traditions’ of knowledge (Gill, 1988; Josefson, 1987, 1988).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anscombe, E. and Geach, P. T. (1979). Descartes, Philosophical Writings. Introduction by A. Koyré. Middlesex: Nelson University Paperbacks. First published in 1954 in the Nelson Philosophical Texts Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. M., and Heritage, J. (eds.), (1984). Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayer, A. J. (1971). Language, Truth and Logic. Pelican, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, A. and Feigenbaum, E. A. (eds.), (1981). The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Wesley, MA.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Barsalou, L. W. (1988). `The Content and Organization of Autobiographical Memories’ in Neisser, U. and Winograd, E. (eds.) Remembering Reconsidered: Ecological and Traditional Approaches to the Study of Memory, pp. 193–243. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekerian, D. A. and Dritschel, B. H. (1992). `Autobiographical remembering: An integrative approach’ in Conway, M. et al. (eds.) Theoretical Perspectives on autobiographical memory, pp. 135–150. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekerian, D. A. and Conway, M. A. (1988). `Everyday Contexts’ in Davies, G. M. and Thomson, D. M. (eds.) Memory in context: Context in memory, pp. 305–318. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bench-Capon, T. J. M. (1990). Knowledge Representation: an approach to AI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L. and Luckmann. (1971). The Social Construction of Reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, D. (1987). `The problem of Implicit Knowledge’, Expert Systems, 4: no. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, D., Hart, A. (1990). Expert Systems: human issues. Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerknes, G., Ehn, P. and Kyng, M. (eds.), (1987). Computers and Democracy: A Scandinavian Challenge. Avebury, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield, B. P. (1988). `Expert Systems and Human Knowledge: A view from the sociology of science’, AI er Society, 2: 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden, M. (1988). Computer Models of Mind: myths and mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boden, M. (1991). Artificial Intelligence in Psychology: Introductory essays. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedker, S. (1987). `A Utopian Experience’ in Bjerknes, G., Ehn, P. and Kyng, M. (eds.) Computers and Democracy - Scandinavian Challenge. Avebury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramer, M. (1988). `Expert Systems in Business: A British Perspective’, Expert Systems, 5.2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, W. F. (1986). `What is autobiographical memory?’ in Rubin, D. C., (ed.) Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in Language Usage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of Meaning. Harvard University Press,Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnap, R. (1956). Meaning and Necessity. Phoenix Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnap, R. (1959). Introduction to Semantics and Formalisation of Logic. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coats, P. K. (1988). `Why Expert Systems Fail’, Financial Management, 17: 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, M. J. E. (1987a). Architect or Bee? The Human Price of technology. Hogarth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, M. J. E. (1987b). `Human Centred Systems: An Urgent Problem for Systems Designers’, AI er Society, 1: 37–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, M. J. E. (1991). European Competitiveness in the 21st Century. Integration of Work, Culture and Technology. Brussels: FAST, Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H. M. (1974). `The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks’, Science Studies, 4: 165–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H. M., Green, R. H., Draper, R. C. (1986). `Where’s the expertise?: Expert Systems as a Medium for Knowledge Transfer’ in Merry, M. (ed.) Expert Systems `85. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H. M `Expert Systems and the Science of Knowledge’ in Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P. and Pinch T. J. (eds.) The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, pp. 229–348. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass:.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, H. M. (1992). Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines. MIT press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, M. A. (1990). Autobiographical Memory: An introduction. Oxford University Press, Milton Keynes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulthard, R. M. (1977). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Longman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaper, D. (ed.), (1989). Knowledge Elicitation: principles, techniques and applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (ed.), (1985). Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vols. 1, 2, 3, 4. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew, A. and Heritage, J. (eds.), (1992). Talk at Work: Interaction in institutional settings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, H. L. (1972). What Computers Can’t Do: A critique of artificial reason. Harper & Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, H. L. (1989). ‘Is Socrates to Blame for Cognitivism?’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence, Culture and Language: On Education and Work. pp. 219–228. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, H. L. and Dreyfus, S. (1986). Mind over Machine: the power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer. The Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. and Middleton, D. (1987). ‘Conversation and Remembering: Bartlett Revisited’, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1: 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehn, P. (1988). Work Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts. Arbetslivscentrum, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, W. D. (1938). A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology (includes an introduction by K. Koffka). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fann, K. T. (1969). Wittgenstein’s Conception of Philosophy. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigenbaum, E. A. and McCorduck, P. (1984). The Fifth Generation. Pan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. A. (1976). The Language of Thought. The Harvester Press, Sussex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. A. (1981). Representations: Philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science. Harvester Press, Brighton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J. A. and Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988). ‘Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A critical Analysis’, Cognition, 28: 3–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friis, S. (1991). ‘User Controlled Information Systems Development’, Lund: Lund Studies in Information and Computer Science, no. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gammack, J. (1987). ‘Modelling Expert Knowledge Structures using Cognitively Compatible Structures’ in Proceedings of the Third International Expert Systems Conference, London 2–4, pp. 191–200. Learned Information (Europe) Ltd, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gammack, J. (1988). Eliciting Expert Conceptual Structure using Converging Techniques. PhD dissertation. University of Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Polity Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1986). Ethnomethodological Studies of Work. Routledge, Kegan and Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert and Mulkay. (1984). Opening Pandora’s Box: A Sociological Analysis of Scientists’ Discourse. Cambridge University, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K. S. (ed.), (1986). Artificial Intelligence for Society. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K. S. (1986). ‘The Knowledge-Based Machine: Issues of Knowledge Transfer’ in Gill, K. S. (ed.) Artificial Intelligence for Society, pp. 7–17. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K. S. (1988). ‘Artificial Intelligence and Social Action: Education and Training’ in Göranzon, B. and Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge,Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 7790. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K. S. (1990a). Summary of Human-Centred Systems Research in Europe. SEAKE Centre, Brighton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K. S. (1990b). ‘Cultures, Languages, Mediation’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence, Culture and Language: On Education and Work. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, K. S. (1994). `Human-Centred Shaping of Social Innovation’ in Schmid, F. et al. (eds.) Computer Integrated Production Systems and Organisations: The human-centred approach, pp. 1–28. NATO ASI Series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, S. P. (1988). ‘On Two AI Traditions’, AI & Society, 2: 321–340. Springer-Verlag, London. A version of this

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, S. P. (1988). `Knowledge and Skill Transfer through Expert Systems: British and Scandinavian Traditions] is published in Kelly, B. and Rector A. (eds.) Research and Development in Expert Systems V: Proceedings of Expert Systems’ 88. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, S. P. (1990). ‘A Dialogical Framework for Participatory KBS Design’ in Proceedings Tenth European meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research. Vienna, April 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, S. P. (1992). `Dialogue and Design of Computer-Based Technology’ in Y. Masuda (ed.) Human-Centred Systems in the Global Economy, pp. 217–228. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. (Reprint, 1990). Penguin Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, C. (1981). Conversational Organisation: Interaction between speakers and Hearers. Academic press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goody, E. (ed.), (1978). Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göranzon, B. (1988). `The Practice of the Use of Computers. A Paradoxical Encounter between Different Traditions of Knowledge’ in Göranzon’ B. and Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge, Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 9–17. Springer-Verlag. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göranzon, B. (1992). The Practical Intellect: Computer and Skills. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göranzon, B and Josefson, I. (eds.), (1988). Knowledge, Skill and Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwell, M. (ed.), (1988). Knowledge Engineering for Expert Systems. Ellis Horwood. Greenwood, L. H. G. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics Book VI. CUP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, H. P. (1975). `Logic and Conversation’ in Cole P. and Morgan J. L. (eds.) Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1970). ‘A Theory of Communicative Distortion’, Inquiry, 13: 360–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1987). `Intermediate Reflections: Social Action, Purposive Activity, and Communication’ in J. Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action: Life world and system: a critique of functionalist reason, (translation) T. McCarthy. Polity Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, A. (1988). `Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems’ in Göranzon, B. and Josefson I. (eds.) Knowledge,Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 103–111. London: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugeland, J. (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes-Roth, F. (1984). The Machine as a Partner of the New Professional, IEEE Spectrum, 21 (6): 28–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes-Roth, F. (1985). ‘Knowledge-Based Expert Systems - the state of the art in the US’, Knowledge Engineering Review, 1: 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time. Harper & Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henle, M. (1961). Documents of Gestalt Psychology. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Polity Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, J. (1979). The Language of Dialectics and the Dialectics of Language. Harvester press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janik, A and Toulmin, S. (1973). Wittgenstein’s Vienna. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janik, A. (1988). `Tacit Knowledge, Working Life and Scientific Method’ in Göranzon, B. and Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge, Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 53–65. Springer Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janik, A. (1990). `Tacit Knowledge, Rule-Following and Learning’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence, Culture and Language: On Education and Work, pp. 45–56. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janik, A. (1992). `Why is Wittgenstein Important?’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Skill and Education, pp. 33–40. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, G. (1984). `On the organisation of laughter in talk about troubles’ in Atkinson, J. M. and Heritage, J. (eds.) Structures of Social Action, pp. 346–369. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, K. and Nordenstam, T. (eds.), (1981). Wittgenstein - Aesthetics and Transcendental Philosophy. Holder-Pichler-Temsky, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, K. S. (1988a). `Rule-Following and Tacit Knowledge’, AI & Society, 2: 287–302. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, K. S. (1988b). `The Concept of Practice in Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy’, Inquiry, 31: 357–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, K. (1992). `Rule-Following, Intransitive Understanding and Tacit Knowledge: An Investigation of the Wittgenstenian Concept of Practice as Regards Tacit Knowing’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Skill and Education, pp. 41–63. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental Models. Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1993). The Computer and the Mind: an introduction to cognitive science. 2nd. ed. Fontana, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josefson, I. (1987). `The Nurse as an Engineer’, AI e3. Society, 1: 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josefson, I. (1988). `The Nurse as Engineer - The Theory of Knowledge in Research in the Care Sector’ in Göranzon, B. and Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge,Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 19–30. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josefson, I. (1990). `Language and Experience’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence, Culture and Language: On Education and Work, pp. 71–76. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen, T. K. and Oppen, M. (1988). `Professional Knowledge and the Limits of Automation in Administrations’ in Göranzon, B. and Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge, Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 139–147. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, A. (ed.), (1987). Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems. Plenum Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, A. and Wellbank, M. (1984). `Knowledge Acquisition’ in Fox, J. (ed.) InfoTech State of the Art Report on Expert Systems. InfoTech: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolodner, J. L. and Riesbeck, C. R. (1986). Experience, Memory and Reasoning. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N. J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. (1974). `Predicate Logic as a programming language’ in Proceedings of IFIP `74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. (1982). `Logic as Computer Language’ in Clark and Tarnland (eds.) Logic Programming, pp. 2–16. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd edition). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laessoe, J. and Rasmussen, L. (1989). Human-Centred Methods. Reproset Press, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibnitz, G. W. (1666). Dissertatio de Arte Combinatoria. G. Phil. University of Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leith, P. (1988). `The Application of AI to Law’, AI er Society, 2: 31–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipscombe, B. (1989). `Expert Systems and Computer Controlled Decision-Making in Medicine’, AI & Society, 3: 184–197. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. (1970). Chomsky. Viking, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1971). `Thesis on Feuerbach’ in Bottomore, J. B. (ed.) Karl Marx - Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy. (First published in 1845). Penguin, Harmondsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1980). The Communist Manifesto. (First published in 1848). Penguin, Harmondsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michie, D and Johnston, R. (1984). The Creative Computer. Penguin, Middlesex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, M. (1963). `Steps towards AI’ in Feigenbaum, E. A. and Feldman, J. (eds.) Computers and Thought, pp. 95–128. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mumford, E. `Sociotechnical Systems Design - Evolving Theory and Practice’ in Bjerknes, G., Ehn, P., Kyng, M. (eds.) Computers and Democracy - Scandinavian Challenge. Ave-bury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J. (1927). Man as Machine. Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negrotti, M. (1991). Understanding the Artificial. On the future shaping of Artificial Intelligence. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. and Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. (1980). `Physical Symbol Systems’, Cognitive Science, 4: 135–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. (1981). `The Heuristic of George Polya and its Relation to Artificial Intelligence’ in Groner, R. Groner, M. and Bischoof W. F. (eds.) Methods of Heuristics. Lawrence Erlbaum Press, Hillsdale, N. J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordenstam, T. (1979). `Ethical Competence and Development) in Barmarck, J. (ed) Perspectives in Metascience. Goteborg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordenstam, T. (1987). `Moral Rules and Paradigms’ in Archivo Di Filosophia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordenstam, T. (1992) `Language and Action’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence, Culture and Language: On Education and Work. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, J. R. and Rueter, H. H. (1987). `Extracting Expertise form Experts: Methods for Knowledge Acquisition’, Expert Systems, 4: 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostberg, O. and Whitaker, R. (1988). `Channelling Knowledge: Expert Systems as Communications Media’, AI & Society, 2: 197–208. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostberg, O., Whitaker, R. and Amick, B. (1988). `The Automated Expert: Technical, Human, and Organisational Considerations’ in Expert Systems Applications. Teldok, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partridge, D. (1987). `Human Decision Making and the Symbolic Search Space Paradigm in AI’, AI er Society,1: 103–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perby, M. L. (1988). `Computerisation and Skill in Local Weather Forecasting’ in Göranzon, B. and Josefson, I. (eds.) Knowledge,Skill and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 39–51. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plato, (1981). The Republic. Translation by Gruber, G. M. A. Pan, London. c. 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. Doubleday, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Routledge, Kegan and Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polya, G. (1945). How to Solve it. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, T. and Wetherall, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology. Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J. (1990) Knowledge Engineering Toolkits. Ellis Horwood, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984). Computation and Cognition. Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, Bradford Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, L. B., Laessoe, and Tattrup, P. (eds.) The Electronic Sketch Pad: Prototype Observation and Organisational Context. Copenhagen: Reproset.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, L. B. (1994). Human Centred Methods of Social and Technical Design. To be published in book series (ed.), AI and Society. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauner, F., Rasmussen, L. B. and Corbett, M. (1987). The Social Shaping of Technology and Work. Institut Technik & Bildung: Universitat Bremen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauner, F., Rasmussen, L. B. and Corbett, M. (1987). `The Social Shaping of Technology and Work: Human-Centred Systems’, AI & Society, 2: 47–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbrock, H. H. (1988). `Engineering as an Art’, AI & Society, 2: 315–320. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbrock, H. H. (ed.), (1989). Designing Human-Centred Technology: A Cross Disciplinary Project in Computer-aided Manufacturing. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbrock, H. H. (ed.), (1990). Machines with a Purpose. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbrock, H. H. (1992). `Purpose and automatic control’, Computing Control Engineering, March: 88–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart, D. E. and Norman, D. A. (eds.), (1986). `Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition’, vol. 1: Foundations; vol. 2: Psychological and Biological models. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. (1949). The Concept of Mind. Hutchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., and Jefferson, G. (1974). ‘A simplest systematics for the organisation of turn-taking in conversation’, Language, 50: 4: 696–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1984). `Notes on Methodology’ in Atkinson, J. M. and Heritage, J. (eds.) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, A. (ed.), (1979). Computers Dividing Man and Work - Recent Scandinavian Research on Planning and Computers from a Trade Union Perspective. Swedish Centre for Working Life, Malmo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank, R. C. (1982). Dynamic Memory. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank, R. C. (1990). Tell Me a Story: A new look at real and artificial memory. Charles Scribner, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. (1991). `Project MEDICA: A Cognitive Support System for Psychiatry: A Case Study of Human-Centredness and Participatory Design in Action’, Working Paper No.6, SEAKE Centre, Brighton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. (1992). `The Psychology of Apprenticeship: A Discussion Paper’ in GSranzon B. and Florin M. (eds.) Skill and Education, pp. 83–100. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. (1992). `Can the Family Survive the New Communication Media? ‘Human-Centredness’ and the Challenge of Consumer Technologies’ in Masuda, Y. (ed.) Human-Centred Systems in the Global Economy, pp. 59–70. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. (1990). `A Counselling Approach to Participatory Design’ in Proceedings HCS ‘80. Brighton University, Brighton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. H. and Watson, H. J. (eds.), (1986). Decision Support Systems. Prentice-Hall, Simon & Schuster, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Designing for Knowledge Transfer 355

    Google Scholar 

  • Susskind, R. E. (1989). Expert Systems in Law: a jurisprudential inquiry. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilghman, B. R. (1988). `Seeing and Seeing-As’, AI & Society, 2: 303–314. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin, S. (1991). `The Dream of an Exact Language’ in Göranzon, B. and Florin, M. (eds.) Dialogue and Technology, pp. 33–43. Springer-Verlag, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1972). `Episodic and semantic memory’ in Tulving, S. and Donaldson, W. (eds.) Organisation of memory. Academic Press .

    Google Scholar 

  • Varela, F. J. (1988). Cognitive Science: A Cartography of Current Ideas. Paris: Editions du Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., Rosch. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardaugh, R. (1985). How conversation works. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weizenbaum, J. (1984). Computer Power and Human Reason. Pelican, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, N. (1949). Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winch, P. (1958). The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy. Routledge, Kegan and Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winograd, T. and Flores, C. F. (1986). Understanding Computers and Cognition. A new foundation for design. Ablex Press, Norwood, N. J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1969). On Certainty. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1977). in Anscombe, G.E.M (ed). Remarks on Colour. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolgar, S. (1988). Science, The very Idea. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolgar, S. and Latour, B. (1979). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Beverley Hills; London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Wright, G. H. (1972). `Wittgenstein on Certainty’ in von Wright, G. H. (ed.) Problems in the Theory of Knowledge. Haag.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gill, S.P. (1996). Designing for Knowledge Transfer. In: Gill, K.S. (eds) Human Machine Symbiosis. Human-centred Systems. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3247-9_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3247-9_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76024-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3247-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics