Definition
Salamanders are amphibian animals that are capable of several aquatic and terrestrial gaits. These gaits are in large part controlled by central pattern generator (CPG) networks in the spinal cord. These networks can be modeled at several levels of abstraction from detailed models based on Hodgkin-Huxley type of neurons to abstract systems of coupled oscillators. The models have been instrumental in testing some hypotheses concerning gait generation and gait transition in the salamander. One of the main hypotheses is that the salamander CPG is constructed out of two main subnetworks: a lamprey-like swimming CPG for the axial musculature and slower CPGs for the limbs. Some of the models have been tested on a salamander-like robot and demonstrated their ability to make transitions between swimming and walking gaits by varying the level of tonic input applied to the CPGs.
Detailed Description
Locomotion in Salamanders
Salaman...
References
Bicanski A, Ryczko D, Knuesel J, Harischandra N, Charrier V, Ekeberg Ö, Cabelguen JM, Ijspeert A (2013a) Decoding the mechanisms of gait generation in salamanders by combining neurobiology, modeling and robotics. Biol Cybern 107(5):545–564
Bicanski A, Ryczko D, Cabelguen JM, Ijspeert A (2013b) From lamprey to salamander: an exploratory modeling study on the architecture of the spinal locomotor networks in the salamander. Biol Cybern 107(5):565–587
Cabelguen J-M, Bourcier-Lucas C, Dubuc R (2003) Bimodal locomotion elicited by electrical stimulation of the midbrain in the salamander Notophthalmus viridescens. J Neurosci 23:2434–2439
Cheng J, Stein RB, Jovanovic K, Yoshida K, Bennett DJ, Han Y (1998) Identification, localization, and modulation of neural networks for walking in the mudpuppy (Necturus maculatus) spinal cord. J Neurosci 18:4295–4304
Cheng J, Jovanovic K, Aoyagi Y, Bennett DJ, Han Y, Stein RB (2002) Differential distribution of interneurons in the neural networks that control walking in the mudpuppy (Necturus maculatus) spinal cord. Exp Brain Res 145:190–198
Chevallier S, Ijspeert AJ, Ryczko D, Nagy F, Cabelguen JM (2008) Organisation of the spinal central pattern generators for locomotion in the salamander: biology and modelling. Brain Res Rev 57:147–161
Cohen AH (1988) Evolution of the vertebrate central pattern generator for locomotion. In: Cohen AH, Rossignol S, Grillner S (eds) Neural control of rhythmic movements in vertebrates. Wiley-Interscience, New York
Delvolvé I, Bem T, Cabelguen JM (1997) Epaxial and limb muscle activity during swimming and terrestrial stepping in the adult newt, Pleurodeles waltl. J Neurophysiol 78:638–650
Dubuc R (2009) Locomotor regions in the midbrain (MLR) and diencephalon (DLR). In: Binder MD, Hirokawa N, Windhorst U (eds) Encyclopedia of neuroscience. Springer, Berlin
Edwards JL (1977) The evolution of terrestrial locomotion. In: Hecht MK, Goody PC, Hecht BM (eds) Major patterns in vertebrate evolution. Plenum, New York, pp 553–576
Frolich L, Biewener A (1992) Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the functional role of the body axis during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. J Exp Biol 162:107–130
Grillner S (1981) Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: Brooks VB (ed) Handbook of physiology, the nervous system, vol 2, Motor control, section 1. American Physiology Society, Bethesda, pp 1179–1236
Ijspeert AJ (2001) A connectionist central pattern generator for the aquatic and terrestrial gaits of a simulated salamander. Biol Cybern 84:331–348
Ijspeert AJ, Crespi A, Cabelguen J-M (2005) Simulation and robotics studies of salamander locomotion: applying neurobiological principles to the control of locomotion in robots. Neuroinformatics 3:171–195
Ijspeert AJ, Crespi A, Ryczko D, Cabelguen J-M (2007) From swimming to walking with a salamander robot driven by a spinal cord model. Science 315:1416–1420
Karakasiliotis K, Schilling N, Cabelguen J-M, Ijspeert AJ (2013) Where are we in understanding salamander locomotion: biological and robotic perspectives on kinematics. Biol Cybern 107(5):529–544
Knüsel J, Bicanski A, Ryczko D, Cabelguen JM, Ijspeert AJ (2013) A salamander’s flexible spinal network for locomotion, modeled at two levels of abstraction. Integr Comp Biol 53(2):269–282
Kopell N (1995) Chains of coupled oscillators. In: Arbib MA (ed) The handbook of brain theory and neural networks. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 178–183
Ryczko D, Lamarque S, Didier H, Cabelguen JM (2009) Dynamics of the axial locomotor network in the isolated spinal cord of the salamander. Soc Neurosci. Program 565.8, Abstract EE6
Ryczko D, Charrier V, Ijspeert A, Cabelguen JM (2010a) Segmental oscillators in axial motor circuits of the salamander: distribution and bursting mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 104:2677–2692
Ryczko D, Dubuc R, Cabelguen J-M (2010b) Rhythmogenesis in axial locomotor networks: an interspecies comparison. Prog Brain Res 187:189–211
Shik ML, Severin FV, Orlovskii GN (1966) Control of walking and running by means of electric stimulation of the midbrain. Biofizika 11:659–666
Strogatz S (2000) From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators. Phys D 143(1–4):1–20
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ijspeert, A.J., Cabelguen, JM. (2014). Control of Aquatic and Terrestrial Gaits in Salamander. In: Jaeger, D., Jung, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_44-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_44-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7320-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Control of Aquatic and Terrestrial Gaits in Salamander- Published:
- 01 August 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_44-2
-
Original
Control of Aquatic and Terrestrial Gaits in the Salamander- Published:
- 13 February 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_44-1