Abstract
Energy efficiency in the next-generation of cellular networks is an important topic due to the expected increase in the number of nodes. Previous research has shown the relationship between the number of users connected to a cellular network base station (BS) and its energy consumption. For this reason, the study of optimal mechanisms that balance the load of users over the available base stations is a key element in the field of energy efficiency in cellular networks. However, the user-BS association process is not trivial because the problem explodes combinatorially. For this reason, it is necessary to explore mechanisms able to be executed in the order of milliseconds. In this paper, we compare two different user - BS association policies and their impact on grid consumption in a heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet) powered by hybrid energy sources (grid and renewable energy). The first proposal is based on a discrete optimization problem and the second is a relaxation that uses traffic flows. These schemes are compared to the traditional best-signal-level mechanism and evaluated in a realistic simulation scenario to study the impact on grid consumption, number of users served, and computation time. The new proposed user allocation policies result in lower grid electricity consumption and lower average unserved users compared to the traditional association scheme.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lubritto, C., et al.: Energy and environmental aspects of mobile communication systems. Energy 36(2), 1109–1114 (2011)
Hasan, Z., Boostanimehr, H., BhargavaGhazzai, V.: Green cellular networks: a survey, some research issues and challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 13(4), 524–540 (2011)
ICT-EARTH. ICT-EARTH. https://www.ict-earth.eu
TREND. Towards real energy-efficient network design. http://www.fp7-trend.eu/
Auer, G., et al.: How much energy is needed to run a wireless network? IEEE Wirel. Commun. 18(5), 40–49 (2011)
Hassan, H., Nuaymi, L., Pelov, A.: Classification of renewable energy scenarios and objectives for cellular networks. In: IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, London, pp. 2967–2972 (2013)
Andrews, J.G., Singh, S., Ye, Q., Lin, X., Dhillon, H.: An overview of load balancing in HetNets: old myths and open problems. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 21(2), 18–25 (2014)
Han, T., Ansari, N.: A traffic load balancing framework for software-defined radio access networks powered by hybrid energy sources. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 99, 1–14 (2015)
Zhou, J., Li, M., Liu, L., She, X., Chen, L.: Energy source aware target cell selection and coverage optimization for power saving in cellular networks. In: IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications & International Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Hangzhou, pp. 1–8 (2010)
Silva, A., Tembine, H., Altman, E., Debbah, M.: Optimum and equilibrium in assignment problems with congestion: mobile terminals association to base stations. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 58(8), 2018–2031 (2013)
Chekroun, S., Sabir, E., Kobbane, A., Tembine, H., Bouyakhf, E., Ibrahimi, K.: A distributed open-close access for Small-Cell networks: a random matrix game analysis. In: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) (2015)
Suarez, L., Nuaymi, L., Bonnin, J.: An overview and classification of research approaches in green wireless networks. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2012, 142 (2012)
Dhillon, H., Li, Y., Nuggehalli, P., Pi, Z., Andrews, J.: Fundamentals of heterogeneous cellular networks with energy harvesting. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 13(5), 2782–2797 (2014)
International Energy Agency: World energy outlook 2017, Paris (2017). https://www.iea.org/access2017/
ETSI. LTE, General packet radio service (GPRS) enhancements for evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). http://www.etsi.org/
Orlin, J., Magnanti, T., Ahuja, R.: Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications. Pearson, London (1993)
Fletscher, L., Maestre, J., Valencia, C.: An assessment of different user-BS association policies for green HetNets in off-grid environments. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 28(12), 1–15 (2017)
Liu, D., Chen, Y., Chai, K., Zhang, T., Elkashlan, M.: Two dimensional optimization on user association and green energy allocation for HetNets with hybrid energy sources. IEEE Trans. Commun. 63(11), 4111–4124 (2015)
Andrews, J.: Seven ways that hetnets are a cellular paradigm shift. IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(3), 136–144 (2013)
Smulders, S.: Control of freeway traffic flow by variable speed signs. Transp. Res. Part B: Methodol. 24(2), 111–132 (1990)
Sarimveis, H., Patrinos, P., Tarantilis, C., Kiranoudis, C.: Dynamic modeling and control of supply chain systems: a review. Comput. Oper. Res. 35(11), 3530–3561 (2008)
Camponogara, E., Scherer, H.: Distributed optimization for model predictive control of linear dynamic networks with control-input and output constraints. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 8(1), 233–242 (2011)
Maestre, J., Negenborn, R.: Distributed Model Predictive Control Made Easy. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7006-5
3GPP: LTE Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); self-configuring and self-optimizing network (SON) use cases and solutions (2014). http://www.3gpp.org/dynareport/36902.htm
SIATA: Medellín and Aburrá Valley early warning system, a project of the Aburrá Valley metropolitan area and the city of Medellín. SIATA - Sistema de Alertas Tempranas. http://www.siata.gov.co/
Palisade Corporation. @Risk 7. http://www.palisade.com/risk/
Kim, H., de Veciana, G., Yang, X., Venkatachalam, M.: Distributed \(\alpha \)-optimal user association and cell load balancing in wireless networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 20(1), 177–190 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fletscher, L.A., Maestre, J.M., Valencia Peroni, C. (2018). A Traffic Flows Scheme for User-BS Association in Green HetNets. In: Figueroa-García, J., Villegas, J., Orozco-Arroyave, J., Maya Duque, P. (eds) Applied Computer Sciences in Engineering. WEA 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 916. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00353-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00353-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00352-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00353-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)