Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Online and Offline Stream Runtime Verification of Synchronous Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Runtime Verification (RV 2018)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 11237))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

We revisit Stream Runtime Verification for synchronous systems. Stream Runtime Verification (SRV) is a declarative formalism to express monitors using streams, which aims to be a simple and expressive specification language. The goal of SRV is to allow engineers to describe both correctness/failure assertions and interesting statistical measures for system profiling and coverage analysis. The monitors generated are useful for testing, under actual deployment, and to analyze logs.

The main observation that enables SRV is that the steps in the algorithms to monitor temporal logics (which generate Boolean verdicts) can be generalized to compute statistics of the trace if a different data domain is used. Hence, the fundamental idea of SRV is to separate the temporal dependencies in the monitoring algorithm from the concrete operations to be performed at each step.

In this paper we revisit the pioneer SRV specification language Lola and present in detail the online and offline monitoring algorithms. The algorithm for online monitoring Lola specifications uses a partial evaluation strategy, by incrementally constructing output streams from input streams, maintaining a storage of partially evaluated expressions. We identify syntactically a class of specifications for which the online algorithm is trace length independent, that is, the memory requirement does not depend on the length of the input streams. Then, we extend the principles of the online algorithm to create an efficient offline monitoring algorithm for large traces, which consist on scheduling trace length independent passes on a dumped log.

This research has been partially supported by: the EU H2020 project Elastest (num. 731535), by the Spanish MINECO Project “RISCO (TIN2015-71819-P)” and by the EU ICT COST Action IC1402 ARVI (Runtime Verification beyond Monitoring).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Asarin, E., Caspi, P., Maler, O.: Timed regular expressions. J. ACM 49(2), 172–206 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Barringer, H., Falcone, Y., Havelund, K., Reger, G., Rydeheard, D.: Quantified event automata: towards expressive and efficient runtime monitors. In: Giannakopoulou, D., Méry, D. (eds.) FM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7436, pp. 68–84. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32759-9_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Barringer, H., Goldberg, A., Havelund, K., Sen, K.: Rule-based runtime verification. In: Steffen, B., Levi, G. (eds.) VMCAI 2004. LNCS, vol. 2937, pp. 44–57. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24622-0_5

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Bartocci, E., Falcone, Y. (eds.): Lectures on Runtime Verification. LNCS, vol. 10457. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75632-5

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Bauer, A., Küster, J.-C., Vegliach, G.: From propositional to first-order monitoring. In: Legay, A., Bensalem, S. (eds.) RV 2013. LNCS, vol. 8174, pp. 59–75. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40787-1_4

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: Runtime verification for LTL and TLTL. ACM T. Softw. Eng. Meth. 20(4), 14 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: Monitoring of real-time properties. In: Arun-Kumar, S., Garg, N. (eds.) FSTTCS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4337, pp. 260–272. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11944836_25

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: The good, the bad, and the ugly, but how ugly is ugly? In: Sokolsky, O., Taşıran, S. (eds.) RV 2007. LNCS, vol. 4839, pp. 126–138. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77395-5_11

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Berry, G.: The foundations of Esterel. In: Plotkin, G., Stirling, C., Tofte, M. (eds.) Proof, Language, and Interaction: Essays in Honour of Robin Milner, pp. 425–454. MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bozzelli, L., Sánchez, C.: Foundations of Boolean stream runtime verification. In: Bonakdarpour, B., Smolka, S.A. (eds.) RV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8734, pp. 64–79. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11164-3_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Convent, L., Hungerecker, S., Leucker, M., Scheffel, T., Schmitz, M., Thoma, D.: TeSSLa: temporal stream-based specification language. In: Proceedings of the 21st Brazilian Symposium on Formal Methods (SBMF 2018). LNCS. Springer (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  12. D’Angelo, et al.: LOLA: runtime monitoring of synchronous systems. In: Proceedings of TIME 2005, pp. 166–174. IEEE CS Press (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eisner, C., Fisman, D., Havlicek, J., Lustig, Y., McIsaac, A., Van Campenhout, D.: Reasoning with temporal logic on truncated paths. In: Hunt, W.A., Somenzi, F. (eds.) CAV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2725, pp. 27–39. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45069-6_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Faymonville, P., Finkbeiner, B., Schirmer, S., Torfah, H.: A stream-based specification language for network monitoring. In: Falcone, Y., Sánchez, C. (eds.) RV 2016. LNCS, vol. 10012, pp. 152–168. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46982-9_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Faymonville, P., Finkbeiner, B., Schwenger, M., Torfah, H.: Real-time stream-based monitoring. CoRR, abs/1711.03829 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Finkbeiner, B., Sankaranarayanan, S., Sipma, H.B.: Collecting statistics over runtime executions. ENTCS 70(4), 36–54 (2002)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Gautier, T., Le Guernic, P., Besnard, L.: SIGNAL: a declarative language for synchronous programming of real-time systems. In: Kahn, G. (ed.) FPCA 1987. LNCS, vol. 274, pp. 257–277. Springer, Heidelberg (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-18317-5_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Goodloe, A.E., Pike, L.: Monitoring distributed real-time systems: a survey and future directions. Technical report, NASA Langley Research Center (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gorostiaga, F., Sánchez, C.: Striver: stream runtime verification for real-time event-streams. In: Colombo, C., Leucker, M. (eds.) RV 2018. LNCS, vol. 11237, pp. 282–298. Springer, Cham (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Halbwachs, N., Caspi, P., Raymond, P., Pilaud, D.: The synchronous data-flow programming language LUSTRE. Proc. IEEE 79(9), 1305–1320 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Havelund, K., Goldberg, A.: Verify your runs. In: Meyer, B., Woodcock, J. (eds.) VSTTE 2005. LNCS, vol. 4171, pp. 374–383. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69149-5_40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Havelund, K., Roşu, G.: Synthesizing monitors for safety properties. In: Katoen, J.-P., Stevens, P. (eds.) TACAS 2002. LNCS, vol. 2280, pp. 342–356. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46002-0_24

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Leucker, M., Sánchez, C., Scheffel, T., Schmitz, M., Schramm, A.: TeSSLa: runtime verification of non-synchronized real-time streams. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2018). ACM (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: A brief account of runtime verification. J. Logic Algebr. Progr. 78(5), 293–303 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Pike, L., Goodloe, A., Morisset, R., Niller, S.: Copilot: a hard real-time runtime monitor. In: Barringer, H., et al. (eds.) RV 2010. LNCS, vol. 6418, pp. 345–359. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_26

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Pnueli, A., Zaks, A.: PSL model checking and run-time verification via testers. In: Misra, J., Nipkow, T., Sekerinski, E. (eds.) FM 2006. LNCS, vol. 4085, pp. 573–586. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11813040_38

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Roşu, G., Havelund, K.: Rewriting-based techniques for runtime verification. Autom. Softw. Eng. 12(2), 151–197 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sen, K., Roşu, G.: Generating optimal monitors for extended regular expressions. ENTCS 89(2), 226–245 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain

    César Sánchez

Authors
  1. César Sánchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to César Sánchez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Malta, Msida, Malta

    Christian Colombo

  2. University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

    Martin Leucker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Sánchez, C. (2018). Online and Offline Stream Runtime Verification of Synchronous Systems. In: Colombo, C., Leucker, M. (eds) Runtime Verification. RV 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11237. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03769-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03769-7_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03768-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03769-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics