Skip to main content

Considering Single-Piloted Airliners for Different Flight Durations: An Issue of Fatigue Management

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Human Factors of Transportation (AHFE 2019)

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 964))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

With an increase in flight length and duration, long-haul and ultra-long-haul flights require a comprehensive fatigue management approach in order to minimize risk. Currently, regulators manage fatigue with strategies such as duty time limits and minimum number of crew. All airlines have to implement a Fatigue Risk Management System. When considering Single Pilot Operations (SPO) for commercial airliners an approach for fatigue management has not yet been developed. The present paper reviews fatigue management guidelines and mitigation strategies to consider them for a possible application to SPO. An overview over differences between flight durations and crewing in SPO is presented with the requirements for a relief crewmember. Finally, it is argued that flight duration will become more important in SPO but the basics of fatigue management especially can be adapted. Nonetheless, the application of in-flight mitigation strategies will have to be reconsidered and tailored directly to the concept of SPO with respect to its future advanced automation tools and their reliability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Deutsch, S., Pew, R.W.: Single pilot commercial aircraft operation. BBN Report. BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Vu, K.-P.L., Lachter, J., Battiste, V., Strybel, T.: Single pilot operations in domestic commercial aviation. Hum. Factors 60, 755–762 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Stanton, N.A., Harris, D., Starr, A.: The future flight deck: modelling dual, single and distributed crewing options. Appl. Ergon. 53, 331–342 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Revell, K.M., Allison, C., Sears, R., Stanton, N.A.: Modelling distributed crewing in commercial aircraft with STAMP for a rapid decompression hazard. Ergonomics (2018, in press)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lachter, J., Brandt, S.L., Battiste, V., Matessa, M., Johnson, W.W.: Enhanced ground support: lessons from work on reduced crew operations. Cogn. Technol. Work 19, 279–288 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Aljurf, T.M., Olaish, A.H., BaHammam, A.S.: Assessment of sleepiness, fatigue, and depression among Gulf Cooperation Council commercial airline pilots. Sleep Breath. 22, 411–419 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. European Cockpit Association: Barometer on pilot fatigue (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Caldwell, J.A.: Crew schedules, sleep deprivation, and aviation performance. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21, 85–89 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Eurocontrol: Study into the impact of the global economic crisis on airframe utilisation. Eurocontrol, Bruessels, Belgium (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  10. ULR Crew Alertness Steering Committee: Lessons from the Dawn of Ultra-long-range Flight. Flight Saf. Dig. 24, 1–60 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Duquette, A., Dorr, L.: Fact Sheet – Pilot Flight Time, Rest, and Fatigue. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., USA (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  12. International Civil Aviation Organization: Manual for the Oversight of Fatigue Management Approaches. Doc 9966. ICAO, Montréal, Canada (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  13. IATA, ICAO, IFALPA: Fatigue Risk Management Systems: Implementation Guide for Operators. ICAO, Montréal, Canada (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Missoni, E., Nikoli, N., Missoni, I.: Civil aviation rules on crew flight time, flight duty, and rest: comparison of 10 ICAO member states. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 80, 135–138 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. International Civil Aviation Organization: Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft. Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes. ICAO, Montréal, Canada (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  16. National Research Council: The Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gander, P.H., Mulrine, H.M., Berg, M.J., Smith, A.A.T., Signal, T.L., Wu, L.J., Belenky, G.: Effects of sleep/wake history and circadian phase on proposed pilot fatigue safety performance indicators. J. Sleep Res. 24, 110–119 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Carbon, P., Gounelle, C., Mollard, R., Coblentz, A.: Perceived fatigue for short- and long-haul flights: a survey of 739 airline pilots. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 74, 1072–1077 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Cabon, P., Mollard, R., Coblentz, A., Speyer, J.-J.: Fatigue in aircrew from short-haul flights in civil aviation: the effects of work schedules. Hum. Factors Aerosp. Saf. 3, 177–187 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Roach, G.D., Sargent, C., Darwent, D., Dawson, D.: Duty periods with early start times restrict the amount of sleep obtained by short-haul airline pilots. Accid. Anal. Prev. 45, 22–26 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Powell, D., Spencer, M.B., Holland, D., Petrie, K.J.: Fatigue in two-pilot operations: implications for flight and duty time limitations. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 79, 1047–1050 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gander, P.H., Mulrine, H.M., van den Berg, M.J., Smith, A.A.T., Signal, T.L., Wu, L.J., Belenky, G.: Pilot fatigue: Relationships with departure and arrival times, flight duration, and direction. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 85, 833–840 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Yen, J.-R., Hsu, C.-C., Yang, H., Ho, H.: An investigation of fatigue issues on different flight operations. J. Air Transp. Manag. 15, 236–240 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. U.S. Government: § 125.311 Flight crewmembers at controls. 14, vol. 3, p. 334. U.S. Government, Washington, D.C., USA (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  25. U.S. Government: § 121.543 Flight crewmembers at controls. 14, vol. 3, p. 185. U.S. Government, Washington, D.C., USA (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  26. European Commission: Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off J Eur Union 311, (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  27. European Commission: Commission Regulation (EC) No 859/2008 of 20 August 2008 amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 as regards common technical requirements and administrative procedures applicable to commercial transportation by aeroplane. Off. J. Eur. Union 254, 1–238 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  28. European Commission: Commission Regulation (EU) No 245/2014 of 13 March 2014 amending Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew. Off. J. Eur. Union 74, 33–57 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  29. European Aviation Safety Agency: Notice of Proposed Amendment 2014–25: Requirements for relief pilots. European Aviation Safety Agency, Cologne, Germany (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Dorrian, J., Lamond, N., Dawson, D.: The ability to self-monitor performance when fatigued. J. Sleep Res. 9, 137–144 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Reis, C., Mestre, C., Canhão, H., Gradwell, D., Paiva, T.: Sleep complaints and fatigue of airline pilots. Sleep Sci. 9, 73–77 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Rosekind, M.R., Gregory, K.B., Mallis, M.M.: Alertness management in aviation operations: enhancing performance and sleep. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 77, 1256–1265 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lee, S., Kim, J.K.: Factors contributing to the risk of airline pilot fatigue. J. Air Transp. Manag. 67, 197–207 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Roach, G.D., Petrilli, R.M.A., Dawson, D., Lamond, N.: Impact of layover length on sleep, subjective fatigue levels, and sustained attention of long-haul airline pilots. Chronobiol. Int. 29, 580–586 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lamond, N., Petrilli, R.M., Dawson, D., Roach, G.D.: Do short international layovers allow sufficient opportunity for pilots to recover? Chronobiol. Int. 23, 1285–1294 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Driskell, J.E., Mullen, B.: The efficacy of naps as a fatigue countermeasure: a meta-analytic integration. Hum. Factors 47, 360–377 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hartzler, B.M.: Fatigue on the flight deck: the consequences of sleep loss and the benefits of napping. Accid. Anal. Prev. 62, 309–318 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Roach, G.D., Darwent, D., Sletten, T.L., Dawson, D.: Long-haul pilots use in-flight napping as a countermeasure to fatigue. Appl. Ergon. 42, 214–218 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Roach, G.D., Darwent, D., Dawson, D.: How well do pilots sleep during long-haul flights? Ergonomics 53, 1072–1075 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Eriksen, C.A., Åkerstedt, T., Nilsson, J.P.: Fatigue in trans-atlantic airline operations: diaries and actigraphy for two- vs. Three-pilot crews. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 77, 605–612 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Comerford, D., Brandt, S.L., Lachter, J., Wu, S.-C., Mogford, R., Battiste, V., Johnson, W.W.: NASA’s single-pilot operations technical interchange meeting: proceedings and findings. NASA, Moffett Field, CA, USA, p. 298 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  42. International Civil Aviation Organization: Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine. Doc 8984. ICAO, Montréal, Canada (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Schmid, D., Korn, B.: The operational issue of an airliner’s reduced-crew caused by data-link break-up to remote support. Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet. 62, 71–75 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Koltz, M.T., Roberts, Z.S., Sweet, J., Battiste, H., Cunningham, J., Battiste, V., Vu, K.-P.L., Strybel, T.Z.: An investigation of the harbor pilot concept for single pilot operations. Procedia Manuf. 3, 2937–2944 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Schmid, D., Korn, B.: A tripartite concept of a remote-copilot center for commercial single-pilot operations. In: AIAA SciTech 2017 Forum, pp. 1–13. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Grapevine (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Oliveira, L.M.L., Rodrigues, J.J.P.C., Mação, B.M., Nicolau, P.A., Zhou, L.: A WSN solution for light aircraft pilot health monitoring. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 119–124 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Corbett, M.A.: A drowsiness detection system for pilots: Optalert®. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 80, 149 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Maiolo, L., Maita, F., Castiello, A., Minotti, A., Pecora, A.: Highly wearable wireless wristband for monitoring pilot cardiac activity and muscle fine movements. In: 2017 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), Padua, Italy, pp. 271–275. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Çakır, M.P., Vural, M., Koç, S.Ö., Toktaş, A.: Real-time monitoring of cognitive workload of airline pilots in a flight simulator with fNIR optical brain imaging technology. In: Schmorrow, D., Fidopiastis, C.M. (eds.) Foundations of Augmented Cognition: Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience, pp. 147–158. Springer, Cham (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Driscoll, K., Roy, A., Ponchak, D.S.: Cyber safety and security for reduced crew operations (RCO). In: 30th Digital Avionics Systems Conference DASC, St. Petersburg, FL, USA. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniela Schmid .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Schmid, D., Stanton, N.A. (2020). Considering Single-Piloted Airliners for Different Flight Durations: An Issue of Fatigue Management. In: Stanton, N. (eds) Advances in Human Factors of Transportation. AHFE 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 964. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20503-4_61

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20503-4_61

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20502-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20503-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics