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Efficient Lattice-Based Zero-Knowledge Arguments with Standard Soundness: Construction and Applications

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Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2019 (CRYPTO 2019)

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Abstract

We provide new zero-knowledge argument of knowledge systems that work directly for a wide class of language, namely, ones involving the satisfiability of matrix-vector relations and integer relations commonly found in constructions of lattice-based cryptography. Prior to this work, practical arguments for lattice-based relations either have a constant soundness error \((2/3)\), or consider a weaker form of soundness, namely, extraction only guarantees that the prover is in possession of a witness that “approximates” the actual witness. Our systems do not suffer from these limitations.

The core of our new argument systems is an efficient zero-knowledge argument of knowledge of a solution to a system of linear equations, where variables of this solution satisfy a set of quadratic constraints. This argument enjoys standard soundness, a small soundness error \((1/poly)\), and a complexity linear in the size of the solution. Using our core argument system, we construct highly efficient argument systems for a variety of statements relevant to lattices, including linear equations with short solutions and matrix-vector relations with hidden matrices.

Based on our argument systems, we present several new constructions of common privacy-preserving primitives in the standard lattice setting, including a group signature, a ring signature, an electronic cash system, and a range proof protocol. Our new constructions are one to three orders of magnitude more efficient than the state of the art (in standard lattice). This illustrates the efficiency and expressiveness of our argument system.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this paper, operations over group elements in \(\mathbb {Z}_q\) are modulo q unless otherwise specified.

  2. 2.

    In [19], parameters are set in a slightly mild way, so, the signature size is smaller if we use their criterion to select parameters.

  3. 3.

    There exists a soundness gap in the proof, but it will not affect the proved argument due to the commitment with a relaxed opening.

  4. 4.

    Detailed constructions of ZKAoKs for elementary relations can be found in Sect. 4, e.g, the ZKAoK for lattice-based PKE is in fact a ZKAoK for a variant of \(\mathcal {R}_{ short }\).

  5. 5.

    In fact, we only obtain a relaxed argument for the opening of the commitment. This is sufficient for our purpose.

  6. 6.

    In fact, we will use its variant in the standard lattice setting. For completeness, we will restate its security in the security proof of our main construction.

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Acknowledgement

We appreciate the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions. Part of this work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61602396, 61572294, 61632020), Early Career Scheme research grant (ECS Grant No. 25206317) from the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong, the Innovation and Technology Support Programme of Innovation and Technology Fund of Hong Kong (Grant No. ITS/356/17), and the MonashU-PolyU-Collinstar Capital Joint Lab on Blockchain.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China

    Rupeng Yang

  2. Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong

    Rupeng Yang, Man Ho Au & Zuoxia Yu

  3. Algorand, Boston, USA

    Zhenfei Zhang

  4. School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China

    Qiuliang Xu

  5. Qualcomm Technologies Incorporated, Boxborough, MA, USA

    William Whyte

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  1. Rupeng Yang
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  1. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Alexandra Boldyreva

  2. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Daniele Micciancio

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Yang, R., Au, M.H., Zhang, Z., Xu, Q., Yu, Z., Whyte, W. (2019). Efficient Lattice-Based Zero-Knowledge Arguments with Standard Soundness: Construction and Applications. In: Boldyreva, A., Micciancio, D. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2019. CRYPTO 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11692. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26948-7_6

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