Abstract
The goal of functional connectome (FC) fingerprinting is to uniquely identify subjects based on their functional connectome. In recent years, interest in this problem has increased substantially with efforts made to understand the factors that affect the accuracy of fingerprinting and to develop more effective approaches. In this work, we developed a novel machine learning framework for FC fingerprinting. Specifically, while existing approaches match a query FC with a reference FC based on a correlation score between the two FCs, our framework employed a machine learning model to determine if two FCs are similar. This allowed us to capture more complex features from FCs and also to capture non-linear similarities that may exist among FCs. We explored multiple machine learning algorithms that include a Siamese neural network and several classification algorithms. From our experiments, we observed that the Siamese network outperformed other classification models, with an FC fingerprinting accuracy of \(99.89\%\).
A. Shojaee and K. Li—Contributed equally to this paper.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
HCP documentation. https://www.humanconnectome.org/storage/app/media/documentation/s1200/HCP1200-DenseConnectome+PTN+Appendix-July2017.pdf
Airan, R.D., Vogelstein, J.T., Pillai, J.J., Caffo, B., Pekar, J.J., Sair, H.I.: Factors affecting characterization and localization of inter-individual differences in functional connectivity using MRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 37(5), 1986–1997 (2016)
Amico, E., Goñi, J.: The quest for identifiability in human functional connectomes. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 8254 (2018)
Atluri, G., MacDonald III, A., Lim, K.O., Kumar, V.: The brain-network paradigm: using functional imaging data to study how the brain works. Computer 49(10), 65–71 (2016)
Bargmann, C.I., Marder, E.: From the connectome to brain function. Nat. Methods 10(6), 483 (2013)
Bromley, J., Guyon, I., LeCun, Y., Säckinger, E., Shah, R.: Signature verification using a “siamese” time delay neural network. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 737–744 (1994)
Bullmore, E., Sporns, O.: The economy of brain network organization. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13(5), 336 (2012)
Castellanos, F.X., Di Martino, A., Craddock, R.C., Mehta, A.D., Milham, M.P.: Clinical applications of the functional connectome. Neuroimage 80, 527–540 (2013)
Defferrard, M., Bresson, X., Vandergheynst, P.: Convolutional neural networks on graphs with fast localized spectral filtering. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3844–3852 (2016)
Dubois, J., Adolphs, R.: Building a science of individual differences from fMRI. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20(6), 425–443 (2016)
Finn, E.S., et al.: Functional connectome fingerprinting: identifying individuals using patterns of brain connectivity. Nat. Neurosci. 18(11), 1664 (2015)
Hammond, D.K., Vandergheynst, P., Gribonval, R.: Wavelets on graphs via spectral graph theory. Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 30(2), 129–150 (2011)
Kelly, C., Biswal, B.B., Craddock, R.C., Castellanos, F.X., Milham, M.P.: Characterizing variation in the functional connectome: promise and pitfalls. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16(3), 181–188 (2012)
Ktena, S.I., et al.: Distance metric learning using graph convolutional networks: application to functional brain networks. In: Descoteaux, M., Maier-Hein, L., Franz, A., Jannin, P., Collins, D.L., Duchesne, S. (eds.) MICCAI 2017. LNCS, vol. 10433, pp. 469–477. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66182-7_54
Kumar, B., Carneiro, G., Reid, I., et al.: Learning local image descriptors with deep siamese and triplet convolutional networks by minimising global loss functions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5385–5394 (2016)
Li, K., Atluri, G.: Towards effective functional connectome fingerprinting. In: Wu, G., Rekik, I., Schirmer, M.D., Chung, A.W., Munsell, B. (eds.) CNI 2018. LNCS, vol. 11083, pp. 107–116. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00755-3_12
Peña-Gómez, C., Avena-Koenigsberger, A., Sepulcre, J., Sporns, O.: Spatiotemporal network markers of individual variability in the human functional connectome. Cereb. Cortex 28, 2922–2934 (2017)
Qi, Y., Song, Y.Z., Zhang, H., Liu, J.: Sketch-based image retrieval via siamese convolutional neural network. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 2460–2464. IEEE (2016)
Rosen, B.R., Savoy, R.L.: fMRI at 20: has it changed the world? Neuroimage 62(2), 1316–1324 (2012)
Shehzad, Z., et al.: The resting brain: unconstrained yet reliable. Cereb. Cortex 19(10), 2209–2229 (2009)
Shuman, D.I., Narang, S.K., Frossard, P., Ortega, A., Vandergheynst, P.: The emerging field of signal processing on graphs: extending high-dimensional data analysis to networks and other irregular domains. arXiv preprint arXiv:1211.0053 (2012)
Smith, S.M., et al.: Resting-state fMRI in the human connectome project. Neuroimage 80, 144–168 (2013)
Sporns, O.: The human connectome: a complex network. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1224(1), 109–125 (2011)
Waller, L., et al.: Evaluating the replicability, specificity, and generalizability of connectome fingerprints. Neuroimage 158, 371–377 (2017)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NSF Grant IIS-1850204. The computational work is performed using the Data Analytics Cluster acquired through the Ohio Dept. of Higher Education’s RAPIDS grant in 2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Shojaee, A., Li, K., Atluri, G. (2019). A Machine Learning Framework for Accurate Functional Connectome Fingerprinting and an Application of a Siamese Network. In: Schirmer, M., Venkataraman, A., Rekik, I., Kim, M., Chung, A. (eds) Connectomics in NeuroImaging. CNI 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11848. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32391-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32391-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32390-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32391-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)