Abstract
With the rapid growth of the transportation systems, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has evolved as a new theme in both industry and academia from traditional vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, the multi-sources and multi-domain information disseminated over the network has brought huge security issues for the communications in the IoV system. In this paper, we present a lightweight blockchain-based framework for IoV to meet the requirements of security, privacy and high availability. We propose a novel hierarchical data sharing framework where two types of sub-blockchain are formed allowing for flexible access control. In addition, we propose a reconfigured blockchain structure to acclimatize itself to the vehicular network which is composed of a number of lightweight and low-energy IoT devices. Moreover, we design a lightweight reputation-based consensus algorithm with a multi-weight reputation evaluation mechanism to prevent internal collusion of network nodes. Based on the proposed architecture, security analysis is illustrated to show the security and privacy of the proposed framework.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dpos description on bitshares. http://docs.bitshares.org/bitshares/dpos.html
Aumasson, J.-P., Henzen, L., Meier, W., Naya-Plasencia, M.: Quark: a lightweight hash. In: Mangard, S., Standaert, F.-X. (eds.) CHES 2010. LNCS, vol. 6225, pp. 1–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15031-9_1
Balasch, J., et al.: Compact implementation and performance evaluation of hash functions in ATtiny devices. In: Mangard, S. (ed.) CARDIS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7771, pp. 158–172. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37288-9_11
Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peeters, M., Van Assche, G.: Keccak specifications. Submission to NIST (Round 2), pp. 320–337 (2009)
Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peeters, M., Van Assche, G.: Keccak sponge function family main document. Submission to NIST (Round 2), vol. 3, no. 30 (2009)
Bill, L.: Is our planet ready for 2 billion cars? http://alert-conservation.org/issues-research-highlights/2016/5/8/are-you-ready-for-a-planet-with-2-billion-cars-hg583. Accessed 19 Dec 2017
Bogdanov, A., Knežević, M., Leander, G., Toz, D., Varıcı, K., Verbauwhede, I.: spongent: a lightweight hash function. In: Preneel, B., Takagi, T. (eds.) CHES 2011. LNCS, vol. 6917, pp. 312–325. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23951-9_21
Bonneau, J., Miller, A., Clark, J., Narayanan, A., Kroll, J.A., Felten, E.W.: Sok: research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. In: 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 104–121. IEEE (2015)
Chen, J., Feng, Z., Wen, J.Y., Liu, B., Sha, L.: A container-based dos attack-resilient control framework for real-time UAV systems. In: 2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), pp. 1222–1227. IEEE (2019)
Contreras-Castillo, J., Zeadally, S., Guerrero-Ibañez, J.A.: Internet of vehicles: architecture, protocols, and security. IEEE IoT J. 5(5), 3701–3709 (2017)
Danny, Y.: Hackers demonstrate how to take control of cars. In: Proceedings of Black Hat Security Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, p. 834. Black Hat (2015)
Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., Jurdak, R., Gauravaram, P.: Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: the case study of a smart home. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), pp. 618–623. IEEE (2017)
Emara, K., Woerndl, W., Schlichter, J.: On evaluation of location privacy preserving schemes for vanet safety applications. Comput. Commun. 63, 11–23 (2015)
Castelló Ferrer, E.: The blockchain: a new framework for robotic swarm systems. In: Arai, K., Bhatia, R., Kapoor, S. (eds.) FTC 2018. AISC, vol. 881, pp. 1037–1058. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02683-7_77
Gao, F., Zhu, L., Shen, M., Sharif, K., Wan, Z., Ren, K.: A blockchain-based privacy-preserving payment mechanism for vehicle-to-grid networks. IEEE Netw. 32(6), 184–192 (2018)
Gerla, M., Lee, E.K., Pau, G., Lee, U.: Internet of vehicles: from intelligent grid to autonomous cars and vehicular clouds. In: 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), pp. 241–246. IEEE (2014)
Guerrero-Ibanez, J.A., Zeadally, S., Contreras-Castillo, J.: Integration challenges of intelligent transportation systems with connected vehicle, cloud computing, and Internet of Things technologies. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 22(6), 122–128 (2015)
Guo, J., Peyrin, T., Poschmann, A.: The PHOTON family of lightweight hash functions. In: Rogaway, P. (ed.) CRYPTO 2011. LNCS, vol. 6841, pp. 222–239. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22792-9_13
Jiang, T., Fang, H., Wang, H.: Blockchain-based internet of vehicles: Distributed network architecture and performance analysis. IEEE IoT J. (2018)
Kaiwartya, O., et al.: Internet of vehicles: motivation, layered architecture, network model, challenges, and future aspects. IEEE Access 4, 5356–5373 (2016)
Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., Ye, D., Kim, D.I., Zhao, J.: Toward secure blockchain-enabled internet of vehicles: optimizing consensus management using reputation and contract theory. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68(3), 2906–2920 (2019)
Liu, C., Chai, K.K., Zhang, X., Lau, E.T., Chen, Y.: Adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation scheme in smart grid platform. IEEE Access 6, 25657–25665 (2018)
Meuser, T., Schmidt, L., Wiesmaier, A.: Comparing lightweight hash functions-PHOTON & quark (2015)
Nakamoto, S., et al.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008)
Porambage, P., Schmitt, C., Kumar, P., Gurtov, A., Ylianttila, M.: PAuthKey: a pervasive authentication protocol and key establishment scheme for wireless sensor networks in distributed IoT applications. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 10(7), 357430 (2014)
Scotiabank, S.: Number of cars sold worldwide from 1990 to 2019 (in million units). https://www.statista.com/statistics/200002/international-car-sales-since-1990/. Accessed 22 Aug 2019
Sharaf-Dabbagh, Y., Saad, W.: On the authentication of devices in the Internet of Things. In: 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), pp. 1–3. IEEE (2016)
Sharma, V.: An energy-efficient transaction model for the blockchain-enabled internet of vehicles (IoV). IEEE Commun. Lett. 23(2), 246–249 (2018)
Wood, G., et al.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper 151(2014), 1–32 (2014)
Yang, F., Wang, S., Li, J., Liu, Z., Sun, Q.: An overview of internet of vehicles. China Commun. 11(10), 1–15 (2014)
Yang, Z., Yang, K., Lei, L., Zheng, K., Leung, V.C.: Blockchain-based decentralized trust management in vehicular networks. IEEE IoT J. 6(2), 1495–1505 (2018)
Yao, Y., Yang, L.T., Xiong, N.N.: Anonymity-based privacy-preserving data reporting for participatory sensing. IEEE IoT J. 2(5), 381–390 (2015)
Zhang, C., Green, R.: Communication security in internet of thing: preventive measure and avoid DDoS attack over IoT network. In: Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Communications & Networking, pp. 8–15. Society for Computer Simulation International (2015)
Zhang, L., Wu, Q., Qin, B., Domingo-Ferrer, J., Liu, B.: Practical secure and privacy-preserving scheme for value-added applications in vanets. Comput. Commun. 71, 50–60 (2015)
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61802180, 61702236, 61872181), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20180421), the National Cryptography Development Fund (Grant No. MMJJ20180105), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. NE2018106).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ma, X., Ge, C., Liu, Z. (2019). Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Internet of Vehicles: Decentralized and Reputation-Based Network Architecture. In: Liu, J., Huang, X. (eds) Network and System Security. NSS 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11928. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36938-5_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36938-5_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-36937-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-36938-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)