Skip to main content

Inside the Tool Set of Automation: Free Social Bot Code Revisited

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Disinformation in Open Online Media (MISDOOM 2019)

Abstract

Social bots have recently gained attention in the context of public opinion manipulation on social media platforms. While a lot of research effort has been put into the classification and detection of such automated programs, it is still unclear how technically sophisticated those bots are, which platforms they target, and where they originate from. To answer these questions, we gathered repository data from open source collaboration platforms to identify the status-quo of social bot development as well as first insights into the overall skills of publicly available bot code.

The authors acknowledge support by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FKZ 16KIS0495K) and the European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS) as well as the Digital Society research program funded by the Ministry of Culture and Science of the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    e.g. BotWiki https://botwiki.org/resources/twitterbots/, Fredheim http://quantifyingmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/putins-bots-part-one-bit-about-bots.html, Grossmann https://medium.freecodecamp.org/my-open-source-instagram-bot-got-me-2-500-real-followers-for-5-in-server-costs-e40491358340.

  2. 2.

    e.g. https://github.com/eggheads/eggdrop/, https://dev.botframework.com/.

  3. 3.

    see: Alexa Rank: https://www.alexa.com/.

  4. 4.

    https://www.elastic.co.

References

  1. Abokhodair, N., Yoo, D., McDonald, D.W.: Dissecting a social botnet: growth, content and influence in Twitter. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, CSCW 2015, pp. 839–851. ACM, New York (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675208

  2. Bessi, A., Ferrara, E.: Social bots distort the 2016 US presidential election online discussion. First Monday 21(11) (2016). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.7090

  3. Cao, Q., Yang, X., Yu, J., Palow, C.: Uncovering large groups of active malicious accounts in online social networks. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2014, pp. 477–488. ACM, New York (2014). https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660269

  4. Chu, Z., Gianvecchio, S., Wang, H., Jajodia, S.: Who is tweeting on Twitter: human, bot, or cyborg? In: ACSAC 2010 Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, Austin, Texas, USA, 6–10 December 2010, pp. 21–30 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1145/1920261.1920265. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1920261.1920265

  5. Clark, E.M., Williams, J.R., Galbraith, R.A., Jones, C.A., Danforth, C.M., Dodds, P.S.: Sifting robotic from organic text: a natural language approach for detecting automation on Twitter. J. Comput. Sci. 16, 1–7 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cornelissen, L.A., Barnett, R.J., Schoonwinkel, P., Eichstadt, B.D., Magodla, H.B.: A network topology approach to bot classification. CoRR abs/1809.06190 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., Flammini, A.: The rise of social bots. Commun. ACM 59(7), 96–104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fredheim, R.: Putin’s bot army - part one: a bit about bots (2013). http://quantifyingmemory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/putins-bots-part-one-bit-about-bots.html

  9. Frischlich, L., Boberg, S., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., Quandt, T.: Would the real reader please stand up? Erkennung von Fake Accounts und Social Bots in partizipativen journalistischen Angeboten. In: DGPUK, Mannheim, Germany (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gorwa, R., Guilbeault, D.: Unpacking the social media bot: a typology to guide research and policy. Policy Internet, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.184

  11. Graves, A.: Generating sequences with recurrent neural networks. CoRR abs/1308.0850 (2013). http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0850

  12. Grimme, C., Assenmacher, D., Adam, L.: Changing perspectives: is it sufficient to detect social bots? In: Meiselwitz, G. (ed.) SCSM 2018. LNCS, vol. 10913, pp. 445–461. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91521-0_32

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Grimme, C., Preuss, M., Adam, L., Trautmann, H.: Social bots: human-like by means of human control (2017). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.07624.pdf

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hegelich, S., Janetzko, D.: Are social bots on Twitter political actors? Empirical evidence from a Ukrainian social botnet. In: International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, pp. 579–582 (2016). https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM16/paper/view/13015

  15. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735–1780 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Howard, P.N., Kollanyi, B.: Bots, #Strongerin, and #Brexit: computational propaganda during the UK-EU referendum. SSRN (2016). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2798311

  17. Karasz, P.: What is telegram, and why are Iran and Russia trying to ban it? (2018). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/world/europe/telegram-iran-russia.html

  18. Kollanyi, B.: Where do bots come from? An analysis of bot codes shared on GitHub. Int. J. Commun. 10(June), 4932–4951 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lee, K., Caverlee, J., Webb, S.: Uncovering social spammers: social honeypots + machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2010, pp. 435–442. ACM, New York (2010). https://doi.org/10.1145/1835449.1835522

  20. Maréchal, N.: Automation, algorithms, and politics| when bots Tweet: toward a normative framework for bots on social networking sites (feature). Int. J. Commun. 10 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Microsoft News Center: Microsoft to acquire GitHub for \$7.5 billion (2018). https://news.microsoft.com/2018/06/04/microsoft-to-acquire-github-for-7-5-billion/

  22. Paradise, A., Puzis, R., Shabtai, A.: Anti-reconnaissance tools: detecting targeted socialbots. IEEE Internet Comput. 18(5), 11–19 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2014.81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Řehůřek, R., Sojka, P.: Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora. In: Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks, pp. 45–50. ELRA, Valletta, May 2010. http://is.muni.cz/publication/884893/en

  24. Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., Bar, F.: The diffusion of misinformation on social media. Comput. Hum. Behav. 83(C), 278–287 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Statista: We Are Social (2018). Most famous social network sites worldwide as of October 2018, ranked by number of active users (in millions) (2018). https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/

  26. Stieglitz, S., Brachten, F., Ross, B., Jung, A.K.: Do social bots dream of electric sheep? A categorisation of social media bot accounts. CoRR abs/1710.04044 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Vargo, C.J., Guo, L., Amazeen, M.A.: The agenda-setting power of fake news: a big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media Soc. 20(5), 2028–2049 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Varol, O., Ferrara, E., Davis, C.A., Menczer, F., Flammini, A.: Online human-bot interactions: detection, estimation, and characterization. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2017) Online, pp. 280–289 (2017). http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03107

  29. Varvello, M., Voelker, G.M.: Second life: a social network of humans and bots. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video, NOSSDAV 2010, pp. 9–14. ACM, New York (2010). https://doi.org/10.1145/1806565.1806570

  30. Vibhuti Sharma, S.M.: GitLab gains developers after Microsoft buys rival GitHub (2018). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-github-microsoft-gitlab/gitlab-gains-developers-after-microsoft-buys-rival-github-idUSKCN1J12BR

  31. Volpicelli, G.: Can Instagram keep its nose clean? (2019). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/28/instagram-at-the-crossroads-profits-facebook-data-scandal-politics-influencers-mental-health

  32. Woolley, S.: Automating power: social bot interference in global politics. First Monday 21(4) (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Grimme .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Assenmacher, D., Adam, L., Frischlich, L., Trautmann, H., Grimme, C. (2020). Inside the Tool Set of Automation: Free Social Bot Code Revisited. In: Grimme, C., Preuss, M., Takes, F., Waldherr, A. (eds) Disinformation in Open Online Media. MISDOOM 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12021. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39627-5_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-39626-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-39627-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics