Abstract
For JPEG images, the current digital watermarking methods mainly embed the watermark by modifying the DCT coefficients, in which the spatial visual performance isn’t well taken into account. As a result, significant visual distortion can be observed in smooth and boundary regions of the marked image. Then, to improve the visual quality of the marked image, a new JPEG image watermarking method exploiting the spatial just-noticeable-difference (JND) model is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, the watermark is embedded into the DCT domain, but the embedding strength is directly determined by a spatial JND model. Moreover, for each DCT block, the variances calculated from the difference blocks along four different directions are controlled to further enhance the imperceptibility. Finally, an optimization problem is summarized and developed to obtain the optimal embedding strength that meets the above requirements. Experimental results show that, with the same PSNR and robustness, the proposed method has better imperceptibility than the prior art.
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61532005 and 61972031), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2018JBZ001).
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Qin, L., Li, X., Zhao, Y. (2020). A New JPEG Image Watermarking Method Exploiting Spatial JND Model. In: Wang, H., Zhao, X., Shi, Y., Kim, H., Piva, A. (eds) Digital Forensics and Watermarking. IWDW 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12022. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43575-2_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43575-2_13
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