Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of unified traction and battery charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs), both in terms of operation modes and in terms of implementation cost, when compared to dedicated solutions that perform the same operation modes. Regarding the connection of the EV battery charging system with the power grid, four operation modes are analyzed: (1) Grid–to–Vehicle (G2V); (2) Vehicle–to–Grid (V2G); (3) Vehicle–to–Home (V2H); and (4) Vehicle–for–Grid (V4G). With an EV unified system, each of these operation modes can be used in single–phase and three–phase power grids. Furthermore, a cost estimation is performed for an EV unified system and for dedicated systems that can perform the same functionalities, in order to prove the benefits of the EV unified approach. The cost estimation comprises two power levels, namely 6 kW, single–phase, related to domestic installations, and 50 kW, three–phase, related to industrial installations. The relevance of unified traction and battery charging systems for EVs is proven for single–phase and three–phase power grids.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Chan, C.C., Wong, Y.S.: Electric vehicles charge forward. IEEE Power Energ. Mag. 2(6), 24–33 (2004)
Milberg, J., Schlenker, A.: Plug into the future. IEEE Power Energ. Mag. 9(1), 56–65 (2011)
Ansari, J., Gholami, A., Kazemi, A., Jamei, M.: Environmental/economic dispatch incorporating renewable energy sources and plug-in vehicles. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 8(12), 2183–2198 (2014)
Knezovic, K., Martinenas, S., Andersen, P.B., Zecchino, A., Marinelli, M.: Enhancing the role of electric vehicles in the power grid: field validation of multiple ancillary services. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 3(1), 201–209 (2017)
Nguyen, H.N.T., Zhang, C., Zhang, J.: Dynamic demand control of electric vehicles to support power grid with high penetration level of renewable energy. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 2(1), 66–75 (2016)
Kempton, W., Tomić, J.: Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. J. Power Sources 144(1), 280–294 (2005)
Monteiro, V., Pinto, J.G., Afonso, J.L.: Operation modes for the electric vehicle in smart grids and smart homes: present and proposed modes. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(3), 1007–1020 (2016)
Monteiro, V., Exposto, B., Ferreira, J.C., Afonso, J.L.: Improved Vehicle-to-Home (iV2H) operation mode: experimental analysis of the electric vehicle as off-line UPS. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8(6), 2702–2711 (2017)
Su, S., et al.: Reactive power compensation using electric vehicles considering drivers’ reasons. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 12(20), 4407–4418 (2018)
Kesler, M., Kisacikoglu, M.C., Tolbert, L.M.: Vehicle-to-Grid reactive power operation using plug-in electric vehicle bidirectional offboard charger. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 61(12), 6778–6784 (2014)
Hou, R., Emadi, A.: Applied integrated active filter auxiliary power module for electrified vehicles with single-phase onboard chargers. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 32(3), 1860–1871 (2017)
Yilmaz, M., Krein, P.T.: Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 28(5), 2151–2169 (2013)
Rippel, W.: Integrated traction inverter and battery charger apparatus, US4920475A (1990)
Rippel, W., Cocconi, A.: Integrated motor drive and recharge system, US5099186A (1992)
Cocconi, A.: Combined motor drive and battery charger system, US5341075A (1994)
Albright, G., Edie, J., Al-Hallaj, S.: A comparison of lead acid to lithium-ion in stationary storage applications. AllCell Technologies White Paper, no. March, p. 14 (2012)
McKeon, B.B., Furukawa, J., Fenstermacher, S.: Advanced lead-acid batteries and the development of grid-scale energy storage systems. Proc. IEEE 102(6), 951–963 (2014)
May, G.J., Davidson, A., Monahov, B.: Lead batteries for utility energy storage: a review. J. Energy Storage 15, 145–157 (2018)
Jinlei, S., Lei, P., Ruihang, L., Qian, M., Chuanyu, T., Tianru, W.: Economic Operation Optimization for 2nd Use Batteries in Battery Energy Storage Systems. IEEE Access 7, 41852–41859 (2019)
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2019. This work has been supported by the FCT Project DAIPESEV PTDC/EEI-EEE/30382/2017, and by the FCT Project new ERA4GRIDs PTDC/EEI-EEE/30283/2017.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sousa, T.J.C., Machado, L., Pedrosa, D., Monteiro, V., Afonso, J.L. (2020). Unified Traction and Battery Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles: A Sustainability Perspective. In: Afonso, J., Monteiro, V., Pinto, J. (eds) Sustainable Energy for Smart Cities. SESC 2019. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 315. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45694-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45694-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45693-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45694-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)