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An Observational Study of Equivalence Links in Cultural Heritage Linked Data for agents

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Digital Libraries for Open Knowledge (TPDL 2020)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 12246))

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Abstract

This article presents an observational study of the virtual graph formed by equivalence links between agent entities across 8 knowledge bases. To evaluate the potential of this linked data graph, we measured the equivalences that it could provide for a real dataset. We crawled the virtual graph by starting from references to agents we found in descriptions of objects collected from data of cultural heritage institutions in Europeana. Our study characterizes the current virtual equivalence graph, presenting statistics about the links, their type and origin. Crawling the equivalences for agent URIs required several crawling iterations on the virtual equivalence graph. The amount of gathered equivalences grows steeply in the first 3 crawling iterations and stabilizes on the 4th iteration. VIAF was the KB with the highest number of equivalences, reaching 60.7%, and it was followed by Wikidata with 34.5%.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    https://dbpedia.org/.

  2. 2.

    https://www.wikidata.org/.

  3. 3.

    https://pro.europeana.eu/our-mission.

  4. 4.

    http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names.html.

  5. 5.

    https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/ulan/.

  6. 6.

    https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html.

  7. 7.

    https://viaf.org.

  8. 8.

    For readability purposes, in this article we abbreviate namespaces as follows: owl for http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#; skos for http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#; schema for http://schema.org/; wdt for http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/.

  9. 9.

    https://pro.europeana.eu/resources/apis.

  10. 10.

    We aim to provide insights that could be beneficial to providers and users of the original metadata, therefore, we have excluded the URIs used in automatic enrichment by Europeana (cf. https://pro.europeana.eu/page/europeana-semantic-enrichment).

  11. 11.

    This goes beyond the actual formal semantics of these properties, but we wanted to experiment with it nonetheless, to get an upper bound of the level of benefit obtainable from the equivalences - and experience shows that the biggest data quality issues actually lie elsewhere.

  12. 12.

    The list of Wikidata properties for external identifiers is available at https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ListProperties/external-id.

  13. 13.

    The properties will contain an attribute wdt:P1921 (formatter URI for RDF resource).

  14. 14.

    These 4 URIs are: http://data.bnf.fr/#foaf:Person; http://data.bnf.fr/#foaf:Organization; http://data.bnf.fr/#owl:Thing; and http://data.bnf.fr/#spatialThing. None correspond to an actual agent at BnF. We have mailed VIAF maintainers about it.

  15. 15.

    For space reasons we cannot refer to all presentations and articles here. Some of them are accessible on the online documentation for the KB considered, given as earlier references.

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Acknowledgments

This work was partly supported by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) with reference UIDB/50021/2020 and by the European Commission under contract number 30-CE-0885387/00-80.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal

    Nuno Freire

  2. Europeana Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Hugo Manguinhas & Antoine Isaac

  3. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Antoine Isaac

Authors
  1. Nuno Freire
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  2. Hugo Manguinhas
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  3. Antoine Isaac
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Correspondence to Nuno Freire .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing and Communications, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

    Mark Hall

  2. Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Tanja Merčun

  3. University Library J. C. Senckenberg, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Thomas Risse

  4. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France

    Fabien Duchateau

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Freire, N., Manguinhas, H., Isaac, A. (2020). An Observational Study of Equivalence Links in Cultural Heritage Linked Data for agents . In: Hall, M., Merčun, T., Risse, T., Duchateau, F. (eds) Digital Libraries for Open Knowledge. TPDL 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12246. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54956-5_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54956-5_5

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