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Deductive Proof of Industrial Smart Contracts Using Why3

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Formal Methods. FM 2019 International Workshops (FM 2019)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 12232))

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Abstract

In this paper, we use a formal tool that performs deductive verification on industrial smart contracts, which are self-executing digital programs. Because smart contracts manipulate cryptocurrency and transaction information, if a bug occurs in such programs, serious consequences can happen, such as a loss of money. This paper aims to show that a language dedicated to deductive verification, called WhyML, can be a suitable language to write correct and proven contracts. We first encode existing contracts, using the Why3 tool, into WhyML program; next, we formulate specifications to be proven as the absence of RunTime Error and functional properties, then we verify the behaviour of the program using the Why3 system. Finally, we compile the WhyML contracts to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Moreover, our approach estimates the cost of gas, which is a unit that measures the amount of computational effort during a transaction.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://why3.lri.fr/.

  2. 2.

    Ethereum foundation: Solidity, the contract-oriented programming language. https://github.com/ethereum/solidity.

  3. 3.

    https://media.consensys.net/technical-introduction-to-events-and-logs-in-ethere-um-a074d65dd61e.

  4. 4.

    https://ethervm.io.

  5. 5.

    The implementation can be found at http://francois.bobot.eu/fmbc2019/.

  6. 6.

    https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France

    Zeinab Nehaï

  2. CEA LIST, Palaiseau, France

    Zeinab Nehaï & François Bobot

Authors
  1. Zeinab Nehaï
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  2. François Bobot
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zeinab Nehaï .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Emil Sekerinski

  2. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Nelma Moreira

  3. University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

    José N. Oliveira

  4. Argo Ai, Munich, Germany

    Daniel Ratiu

  5. University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Riccardo Guidotti

  6. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Marie Farrell

  7. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Matt Luckcuck

  8. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Diego Marmsoler

  9. University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

    José Campos

  10. University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Troy Astarte

  11. Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France

    Laure Gonnord

  12. Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

    Antonio Cerone

  13. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Luis Couto

  14. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Brijesh Dongol

  15. University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

    Martin Kutrib

  16. University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Pedro Monteiro

  17. Airbus Operations S.A.S., Toulouse, France

    David Delmas

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Nehaï, Z., Bobot, F. (2020). Deductive Proof of Industrial Smart Contracts Using Why3. In: Sekerinski, E., et al. Formal Methods. FM 2019 International Workshops. FM 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12232. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54994-7_22

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54994-7_22

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54993-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54994-7

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