Abstract
The human being has the need to represent the objects that surround him. But the world around us constitutes a three-dimensional reality and the formats in which it is represented are two-dimensional. Then the problem arises of representing on paper, which has two dimensions, any object immersed in a space that has three dimensions. In response to the problem, the Descriptive Geometry and the Representation Systems are born. The representation systems are a set of operations that allow make projections of objects immersed in three-dimensional space on a plane that is usually the role of drawing. A class of these systems are those obtained from axonometric projections of \(\mathbb {R}^{3}\) to \(\mathbb {R}^{2}\) based on Pohlke’s theorem and widely used in the vast majority of scientific texts. In this paper it is proposed to build axonometric projections from \(\mathbb {R}^{4}\) to \(\mathbb {R}^{3}\) to obtain projections of objects immersed in the four-dimensional space on a 3D hyperplane. To visualize the results, a new package encoded in the Maxima open source software will be used.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This paper will work only with linear projections, specifically with axonometric projections.
References
Abbott, E.: Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. Seely & Co, London (1884)
Carlbom, I., Paciorek, J.: Planar geometric projections and viewing transformations. ACM Comput. Surv. 10(4), 465–502 (1978)
Clements, A.: History of the Computer. http://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/1111987041_374938.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2020
Hoffmann, C., Zhou, J.: Visualization of Surfaces in Four-Dimensional Space. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4fd8/0d8a71878ec50e3a5fb48a98cd0e0bdc2091.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2020
Lehmann, C.: Analytic Geometry (Sixth printing). Wiley, New York (1947)
Lindgren, C.E., Slaby, S.M.: Four Dimensional Descriptive Geometry. McGraw-Hill, New York (1968)
Manfrin, R.: A proof of Pohlke’s theorem with an analytic determination of the reference trihedron. J. Geom. Graph. 22(2), 195–205 (2017)
Noll, A.: A computer technique for displaying n-dimensional hyperobjects. Commun. ACM 10, 469–473 (1967)
O’Connor, J., Robertson, E.: Edwin Abbott Abbott. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Abbott.html. Accessed 10 Feb 2020
Rodríguez, J., Álvarez, V.: Geometría descriptiva: Sistema de perspectiva axonométrica (Seventh Edition, vol. 3). S. A. Donostiarra, España (2012)
Rovenski, V.: Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with MAPLE. Birkhäuser, Boston (2000)
Sakai, Y., Hashimoto, S.: Interactive four-dimensional space visualization using five-dimensional homogeneous processing for intuitive understanding. Inf. Media Technol. 2(1), 574–591 (2007)
Schwarz, H.A.: Elementarer Beweis des Pohlkeschen Fundamentalsatzes der Axonometrie. Crelle’s J. 63, 309–3014 (1864)
Schreiber, P.: Generalized descriptive geometry. J. Geom. Graph. 6(1), 37–59 (2002)
Swisher, C.: Victorian England. Greenhaven Press, San Diego (2000)
Velezmoro, R., Ipanaqué, R., Mechato, J.A.: A mathematica package for visualizing objects inmersed in \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\). In: Misra, S., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2019. LNCS, vol. 11624, pp. 479–493. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24311-1_35
Villate, J.: Maxima 5.42.0 Manual. http://maxima.sourceforge.net/docs/manual/maxima.html. Accessed 17 Feb 2020
Volkert, K.: On models for visualizing four-dimensional figures. Math. Intell. 39(2), 27–35 (2017)
Wang, W., et al.: Interactive exploration of 4D geometry with volumetric halos. In: Pacific Graphics Short Papers, pp. 1–6. The Eurographics Association (2013)
Wuyts, G.: Wugi’s QBComplex. http://home.scarlet.be/wugi/qbComplex.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2020
Xiaoqi, Y.: New Directions in Four-Dimensional Mathematical Visualization. School of Computer Engineering, Game Lab (2015)
Zachariáš, S., Velichová, D.: Projection from 4D to 3D. J. Geom. Graph. 4(1), 55–69 (2000)
Zhou, J.: Visualization of Four Dimensional Space and Its Applications. D. Phil. Thesis, Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 922 (1991)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sobrino, E.E., Ipanaqué, R., Velezmoro, R., Mechato, J.A. (2020). New Package in Maxima to Build Axonometric Projections from \(\mathbb {R}^{4}\) to \(\mathbb {R}^{3}\) and Visualize Objects Immersed in \(\mathbb {R}^{4}\). In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2020. ICCSA 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12255. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58820-5_60
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58820-5_60
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58819-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58820-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)