Abstract
In this work the robustness and calibration of modern pedestrian detectors are evaluated. Pedestrian detection is a crucial perception component in autonomous driving and in this article its performance under different image distortions is studied. Furthermore, we provide an analysis of classification calibration of pedestrian detectors and a positive effect of using the style-transfer augmentation technique is presented. Our analysis is aimed as a step towards understanding and improving current safety-critical detection systems.
This work has been partially supported by Statutory Funds of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, and partially by the Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) from the European Regional Development Fund No. POIR.04.01.04-00-0089/16.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amodei, D., Olah, C., Steinhardt, J., Christiano, P., Schulman, J., Mané, D.: Concrete problems in ai safety. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06565 (2016)
Braun, M., Krebs, S., Flohr, F., Gavrila, D.M.: Eurocity persons: a novel benchmark for person detection in traffic scenes. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 41(8), 1844–1861 (2019)
Chen, K., et al.: Mmdetection: Open mmlab detection toolbox and benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.07155 (2019)
Cordts, M., et al.: The cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3213–3223 (2016)
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 248–255 (2009)
Dollár, P., Wojek, C., Schiele, B., Perona, P.: Pedestrian detection: a benchmark. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 304–311 (2009)
Feng, D., Rosenbaum, L., Glaeser, C., Timm, F., Dietmayer, K.: Can we trust you? On calibration of a probabilistic object detector for autonomous driving. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.12358 (2019)
Gal, Y., Ghahramani, Z.: Dropout as a Bayesian approximation: representing model uncertainty in deep learning. In: Proceedings of the 33nd International Conference on Machine Learning. ICML 2016, New York City, NY, USA, 19–24 June 2016, vol. 48, pp. 1050–1059 (2016)
Geirhos, R., Rubisch, P., Michaelis, C., Bethge, M., Wichmann, F.A., Brendel, W.: ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy and robustness. In: 7th International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR 2019, New Orleans, LA, USA, 6–9 May 2019 (2019)
Guo, C., Pleiss, G., Sun, Y., Weinberger, K.Q.: On calibration of modern neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, vol. 70, pp. 1321–1330 (2017)
Hasan, I., Liao, S., Li, J., Akram, S.U., Shao, L.: Pedestrian detection: the elephant in the room. CoRR (2020). https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.08799
Hendrycks, D., Dietterich, T.G.: Benchmarking neural network robustness to common corruptions and perturbations. In: 7th International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR 2019, New Orleans, LA, USA, 6–9 May 2019 (2019)
Hendrycks, D., Mu, N., Cubuk, E.D., Zoph, B., Gilmer, J., Lakshminarayanan, B.: Augmix: a simple data processing method to improve robustness and uncertainty. In: 8th International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR 2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26–30 April 2020 (2020)
Huang, X., Belongie, S.: Arbitrary style transfer in real-time with adaptive instance normalization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1501–1510 (2017)
Kohl, S., et al.: A probabilistic U-net for segmentation of ambiguous images. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 6965–6975 (2018)
Lakshminarayanan, B., Pritzel, A., Blundell, C.: Simple and scalable predictive uncertainty estimation using deep ensembles. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 6402–6413 (2017)
Lin, T.-Y., et al.: Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8693, pp. 740–755. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48
Liu, W., Liao, S., Ren, W., Hu, W., Yu, Y.: High-level semantic feature detection: a new perspective for pedestrian detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5187–5196 (2019)
Michaelis, C., et al.: Benchmarking robustness in object detection: autonomous driving when winter is coming. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.07484 (2019)
Platt, J., et al.: Probabilistic outputs for support vector machines and comparisons to regularized likelihood methods. Adv. Large Margin Classif. 10(3), 61–74 (1999)
Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., Sun, J.: Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 91–99 (2015)
Snoek, J., et al.: Can you trust your model’s uncertainty? Evaluating predictive uncertainty under dataset shift. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 13969–13980 (2019)
Szegedy, C., et al.: Intriguing properties of neural networks. In: 2nd International Conference on Learning Representations. ICLR 2014, Banff, AB, Canada, 14–16 April 2014, Conference Track Proceedings (2014)
Zhang, S., Benenson, R., Schiele, B.: CityPersons: a diverse dataset for pedestrian detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3213–3221 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cygert, S., Czyżewski, A. (2020). Evaluating Calibration and Robustness of Pedestrian Detectors. In: Dziech, A., Mees, W., Czyżewski, A. (eds) Multimedia Communications, Services and Security. MCSS 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1284. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59000-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59000-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58999-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-59000-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)