Skip to main content

Mode Switching from a Security Perspective: First Findings of a Systematic Literature Review

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2020)

Abstract

With increased interoperability of cyber-physical systems (CPSs), security becomes increasingly critical for many of these systems. We know mode switching from domains like aviation and automotive, and we imagine to use this mechanism for the development of resilient systems that continue to function correctly even if under malicious attack. If vulnerabilities are detected or even known, modes can be switched to reduce the attack surface and to minimize attackers’ range of activity. We propose to engineer CPSs with multi-modal software architectures to overcome the interval between the time when zero-day vulnerabilities become known and the time when corresponding updates become available. Thus, affected companies, operators and people will be able to protect themselves and their customers without having to wait for security updates. This paper presents first findings of a systematic literature review (SLR) on mode switching from a security perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abeni, L., Buttazzo, G.: Hierarchical QoS management for time sensitive applications. In: Proceedings Seventh IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium, pp. 63–72 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/RTTAS.2001.929866

  2. Andersson, B.: Uniprocessor EDF scheduling with mode change. In: Baker, T.P., Bui, A., Tixeuil, S. (eds.) OPODIS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5401, pp. 572–577. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92221-6_43

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Bailey, C.: Hard real time operating system kernel: investigation of mode change, task 14 deliverable on estsec contract 9198/90/nl. sf, Technical report, British Aerospace Systems Ltd. (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Block, A., Anderson, J.H., Devi, U.C.: Task reweighting under global scheduling on multiprocessors. Real-Time Syst. 39(1), 123–167 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-007-9041-2

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Borde, E., Haik, G., Pautet, L.: Mode-based reconfiguration of critical software component architectures. In: Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition 2009 Design, pp. 1160–1165 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/DATE.2009.5090838

  6. Burns, A., Davis, R.I., Baruah, S., Bate, I.: Robust mixed-criticality systems. IEEE Trans. Comput. 67(10), 1478–1491 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2018.2831227

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Capota, E.A., Stangaciu, C.S., Micea, M.V., Curiac, D.I.: Towards mixed criticality task scheduling in cyber physical systems: challenges and perspectives. J. Syst. Softw. 156, 204–216 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chen, T., Phan, L.T.X.: SafeMC: a system for the design and evaluation of mode-change protocols. In: 2018 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), pp. 105–116 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/RTAS.2018.00021

  9. Firesmith, D.: System resilience: what exactly is it? (2019). https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/sei_blog/2019/11/system-resilience-what-exactly-is-it.html

  10. Hang, Y., Hansson, H.: Handling emergency mode switch for component-based systems. In: 2014 21st Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, vol. 1, pp. 151–158 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC.2014.32

  11. Hanninen, K., Maki-Turja, J., Nolin, M., Lindberg, M., Lundback, J., Lundback, K.L.: The Rubus component model for resource constrained real-time systems. In: 2008 International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems, pp. 177–183 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2008.4577697

  12. Hansson, H., AAkerholm, M., Crnkovic, I., Torngren, M.: SaveCCM - a component model for safety-critical real-time systems. In: Proceedings. 30th Euromicro Conference, 2004, ppD. 627–635 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/EURMIC.2004.1333431

  13. Henzinger, T.A., Horowitz, B., Kirsch, C.M.: Giotto: a time-triggered language for embedded programming. In: Henzinger, T.A., Kirsch, C.M. (eds.) EMSOFT 2001. LNCS, vol. 2211, pp. 166–184. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45449-7_12

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Hirsch, D., Kramer, J., Magee, J., Uchitel, S.: Modes for software architectures. In: Gruhn, V., Oquendo, F. (eds.) EWSA 2006. LNCS, vol. 4344, pp. 113–126. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11966104_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Ke, X., Sierszecki, K., Angelov, C.: COMDES-II: a component-based framework for generative development of distributed real-time control systems. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA 2007), pp. 199–208 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/RTCSA.2007.29

  16. Kitchenham, B., Charters, S.: Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering (version 2.3). Technical report, EBSE-2007-01, Keele University and Durham University (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Maraninchi, F., Rémond, Y.: Mode-automata: about modes and states for reactive systems. In: Hankin, C. (ed.) ESOP 1998. LNCS, vol. 1381, pp. 185–199. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0053571

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Maraninchi, F., Rémond, Y.: Mode-Automata: a new domain-specific construct for the development of safe critical systems. Sci. Comput. Program. 46(3), 219–254 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6423(02)00093-X

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Martins, P., Burns, A.: On the meaning of modes in uniprocessor real-time systems. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, SAC 2008, pp. 324–325. Association for Computing Machinery (2008). https://doi.org/10.1145/1363686.1363770

  20. McGraw, G.: Software security. IEEE Secur. Priv. 2, 80–83 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Meumeu Yomsi, P., Nelis, V., Goossens, J.: Scheduling multi-mode real-time systems upon uniform multiprocessor platforms. In: 15th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA 2010), pp. 1–8 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2010.5641275

  22. Nelis, V., Andersson, B., Marinho, J., Petters, S.M.: Global-EDF scheduling of multimode real-time systems considering mode independent tasks. In: 2011 23rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, pp. 205–214 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2011.27

  23. Nelis, V., Goossens, J., Andersson, B.: Two protocols for scheduling multi-mode real-time systems upon identical multiprocessor platforms. In: Proceedings - Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, pp. 151–160 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECRTS.2009.27

  24. van Ommering, R., van der Linden, F., Kramer, J., Magee, J.: The koala component model for consumer electronics software. Computer 33(3), 78–85 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1109/2.825699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Pedro, P., Burns, A.: Schedulability analysis for mode changes in flexible real-time systems. In: Proceeding. 10th EUROMICRO Workshop on Real-Time Systems (Cat. No.98EX168), pp. 172–179 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1109/EMWRTS.1998.685082

  26. Pedro, P.S.M.: Schedulability of mode changes in flexible real-time distributed systems. Ph.D. thesis, University of York, Department of Computer Science (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Petticrew, M., Roberts, H.: Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide, vol. 11. Wiley (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754887

  28. Phan, L.T., Lee, I.: Towards a compositional multi-modal framework for adaptive cyber-physical systems. In: in Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications, pp. 67–73. IEEE (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/RTCSA.2011.82

  29. Rao, A., Carreón, N., Lysecky, R., Rozenblit, J., Sametinger, J.: Resilient security of medical cyber-physical systems. In: Anderst-Kotsis, G., et al. (eds.) DEXA 2019. CCIS, vol. 1062, pp. 95–100. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27684-3_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Rao, A., Rozenblit, J., Lysecky, R., Sametinger, J.: Trustworthy multi-modal framework for life-critical systems security. In: Proceedings of the Annual Simulation Symposium, ANSS 2018, pp. 1–9. Society for Computer Simulation International (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Real, J.: Protocolos de cambio de modo para sistemas de tiempo real (mode change protocols for real time systems). Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València (2000). https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=8892

  32. Real, J., Crespo, A.: Mode change protocols for real-time systems: a survey and a new proposal. Real-Time Syst. 26(2), 161–197 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TIME.0000016129.97430.c6

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Resmerita, S., Derler, P., Pree, W.: Timing Definition Language (TDL) Modeling in Ptolemy II. Technical report 21, Department of Computer Science, University of Salzburg (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sametinger, J., Steinwender, C.: Resilient context-aware medical device security. In: International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence, Symposium on Health Informatics and Medical Systems (CSCI-ISHI), pp. 1775–1778 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCI.2017.310. http://americancse.org/events/csci2017/Symposiums/csci-ishi

  35. Schoeberl, M.: Mission modes for safety critical Java. In: Obermaisser, R., Nah, Y., Puschner, P., Rammig, F.J. (eds.) SEUS 2007. LNCS, vol. 4761, pp. 105–113. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75664-4_11

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Sha, L., Goodenough, J.B.: Real-time scheduling theory and Ada. Computer 23(4), 53–62 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1109/2.55469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Sha, L., Rajkumar, R., Lehoczky, J., Ramamritham, K.: Mode change protocols for priority-driven preemptive scheduling. Real-Time Syst. 1(3), 243–264 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00365439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Shih, C.S., Yang, C.M., Su, W.L., Tsung, P.K.: OSAMIC: online schedulability analysis of real-time mode change on heterogeneous multi-core platforms. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems, RACS 2018, pp. 205–212. ACM (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3264746.3264755

  39. Sundar, V.K., Easwaran, A.: A practical degradation model for mixed-criticality systems. In: 2019 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), pp. 171–180 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2019.00040

  40. Søndergaard, H., Ravn, A.P., Thomsen, B., Schoeberl, M.: A practical approach to mode change in real-time systems. Technical report 08–001, Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Tindell, K.W., Burns, A., Wellings, A.J.: Mode changes in priority pre-emptively scheduled systems. In: Proceedings of the Real Time Systems Symposium, pp. 100–109 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tindell, K., Alonso, A.: A very simple protocol for mode changes in priority preemptive systems. Technical report, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tiwari, A., et al.: Safety envelope for security. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on High Confidence Networked Systems, HiCoNS 2014, pp. 85–94. Association for Computing Machinery (2014). https://doi.org/10.1145/2566468.2566483

Download references

Acknowledgement

This work has partially been supported by the LIT Secure and Correct Systems Lab funded by the State of Upper Austria.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Riegler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Riegler, M., Sametinger, J. (2020). Mode Switching from a Security Perspective: First Findings of a Systematic Literature Review. In: Kotsis, G., et al. Database and Expert Systems Applications. DEXA 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1285. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59028-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59028-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-59027-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-59028-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics