Abstract
Systemic and structural inequities and disparities in social, health, economic, and educational opportunities result in pervasive, complex challenges which impede social, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive development. This exploratory paper considers practices which perpetuate inequity and offers a framework for thinking about and addressing these inequities by convening learning city “Smart Teams” comprised of representative community members working collaboratively in visioning, problem solving, decision-making, action taking, and policy development to promote, support, and extend the community school model into the fabric of the community. This paper draws on a theoretical framework consisting of self-determination theory and conceptual frameworks for communities of networked expertise and activity theory with the goals of (1) reimagining and helping students to actualize new identities as learners and contributors to society; (2) designing motivating learning environments which offer new options for collaboration with peers, educators, and community mentors; (3) implementing new approaches for students to systematically, yet imaginatively, and creatively interpret, tackle and propose, incubate, and/or prototype solutions to real-world problems; and (4) constructing environments and activity models which mitigate impediments to learning and teaching.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alicino, N.F.: Belongingness, internalized racism and its impact on academic achievement among Black American undergraduate students, Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University (2017)
Arnstein, S.R.: A ladder of citizen participation. J. Am. Inst. Plan. 35(4), 216–224 (1969)
Bandura, A.: Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol. Rev. 84, 191–215 (1977)
Bandura, A.: Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50(2), 248–287 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L
Belsky, E.S., Fauth, J.: Crossing over to an improved era of community development. Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University (2012)
Booker, K.C.: School belonging and the African American adolescent: what do we know and where should we go? High School J. 89(4), 1–7 (2006)
Boykin, A.W., Noguera, P.: Creating the opportunity to learn: moving from research to practice to close the achievement gap. Ascd (2011)
Bullard, R.D., Mohai, P., Saha, R., Wright, B.: Toxic wastes and race at twenty: 1987–2007 (2007). Accessed 8 Jan 2020. https://www.csu.edu/cerc/researchreports/documents/ToxicWasteandRaceatTwenty1987-2007.pdf
McKenna, H.P., Chauncey, S.A.: Frictionless learning environments for 21st century education and learning cities: a response to digital inequalities. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (iCERi2014), pp. 2505–2515 (2014)
Coleman, J.S.: Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am. J. Sociol. 94, S95–S120 (1988)
Connor, D.M.: A new ladder of citizen participation. Natl. Civ. Rev. 77(3), 249–257 (1988)
Conti, G., Heckman, J.J.: Early childhood development: Creating healthy communities with greater efficiency and effectiveness. In: Andrews, N.O., Erickson, D.J. (eds.) Investing in What Works for America’s Communities: Essays on People, Place and Purpose, pp. 327–337 (2012)
Crenshaw, K.: Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. U. Chi. Legal f., p. 139 (1989). http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052andcontext=uclf
Elmore, R., Fuhrman, S.: Opportunity to learn and the state role in education. Teach. Coll. Rec. 96(3), 433–458 (1995)
Engeström, Y.: Learning by Expanding: An Activity-Theoretical Approach to Developmental Research. Orienta-Konsultit OY, Helsinki (1987)
Ezeilo, A., Chiles, N.: Engage, Connect, Protect: Empowering Diverse Youth as Environmental Leaders. New Society Publishers, Gabriola (2020)
Franklin, S., Edwards, D.: It takes a neighborhood: purpose built communities and neighborhood transformation. Investing in What Works for America’s Communities, pp. 170–183 (2012). http://www.whatworksforamerica.org/ideas/it-takes-a-neighborhood-purpose-built-communities-and-neighborhood-transformation/
Gates Jr., H.L.: Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. Penguin Press, London (2019)
Gee, J.P.: Literacy, discourse, and linguistics: introduction. J. Educ. 171, 5–17 (1989)
Green, E.L.: Flint’s Children Suffer in Class After Years of Drinking the Lead-Poisoned Water. New York Times (2019). http://www.newyorktimes.com
Greene, D.T.: “We need more ‘US’ in Schools!!”: centering black adolescent girls’ literacy and language practices in online school spaces. J. Negro Educ. 85(3), 274–289 (2016)
Hakkarainen, K.P.J., Palonen, T., Paavola, S., Lehtinen, E.: Communities of Networked Expertise: Professional and Educational Perspectives, Advances in Learning and Instruction. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley (2008)
Hammond, Z.: Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain: Promoting Authentic Engagement and Rigor Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students. Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks (2015)
Headlee, C.: We Need to Talk: How to have Conversations that Matter. Hachette, London (2017)
Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve. https://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4915.html
Jencks, C.: Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America. Basic Books Inc., New York (1972)
Jonassen, D.H., Rohrer-Murphy, L.: Activity theory as a framework for designing constructivist learning environments. Educ. Tech. Res. Dev. 47(1), 61–79 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299477
Jonassen, D.H.: Designing constructivist learning environments. In: Reigeluth, C.M. (ed.) Instructional Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory, vol. II, pp. 215–239. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1999)
Juliani, A.J.: Coaching for equity interview with author Zaretta Hammond (2019). https://m.youtube.com/watch?t=andv=2KPXKHZiGEM
Kendi, I.X.: Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. Random House, New York (2017)
Kieffer, C.H.: Citizen empowerment: a developmental perspective. Prev. Hum. Serv. 3(2–3), 9–36 (1983)
King, J.R., O’Brien, D.G.: Adolescents’ multiliteracies and their teachers’ needs to know: towards a digital détente: a focus on adolescent learners. In: Alvermann, D.E. (ed.) New Literacies and Digital Technologies: A Focus on Adolescent Learners, pp. 40–50. Peter Lang, New York (2002)
Kuutti, K.: The concept of activity as a basic unit of analysis for CSCW research. In: Bannon, L., Robinson, M., Schmidt, K. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, ECSCW 1991, pp. 249–264. Springer, Dordrecht (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3506-1_19
Laidlaw, M.A.S., Filippelli, G.M., Sadler, R.C., Gonzales, C.R., Ball, A.S., Mielke, H.W.: Children’s blood lead seasonality in flint, Michigan (USA), and soil-sourced lead hazard risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13(4), 358 (2016). Accessed 8 Jan 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847020/
Lang, S.: The role of placemaking in sustainable planning: a case study of the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio (2017). https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/472/
Leont’ev, A.N.: Activity, consciousness, and personality (1978)
Maslow, A.H.: A theory of human motivation. Psychol. Rev. 50(4), 370 (1943)
Markovits, D.: The Meritocracy Trap: How America’s Foundational Myth Feeds Inequality, Dismantles the Middle Class, and Devours the Elite. Penguin Press, London (2019)
Moore, G., De Jong, J., Reville, P., Sacks, L., Burgess, A.: Change at the Speed of Trust Advancing educational opportunity through cross-sector collaboration in Louisville. Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative (2018). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5984acf0893fc0dc4b2fe0cf/t/5cb5e2f471c10b32949ed326/1555423992375/Change_at_the_Speed_of_Trust_CASE.pdf
Murphy, E., Rodriguez-Manzanares, M.A.: Using activity theory and its principle of contradictions to guide research in educational technology. Aust. J. Educ. Technol. 24(4) (2008). https://ajet.org.au/index.php/AJET/article/view/1203/431
Mwanza, D.: Where theory meets practice: a case for an activity theory based methodology to guide computer system design. In: Hirose, M. (ed.) Proceedings of Interact 2001. IOS Press, Oxford (2001)
National Education Association: The Six Pillars of Community Schools Toolkit: NEA Resource Guide for Educators, Families and Communities (2017). http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/Comm%20Schools%20ToolKit-final%20digi-web-72617.pdf
National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health: Assessing the impact and effectiveness of intersectoral action on the social determinants of health and health equity: An expedited systematic review. Antigonish, NS: National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University (2012). http://nccdh.ca/images/uploads/ISA_Report_EN1.pdf
Naughton, C.: Purpose Build Communities (2019). https://purposebuiltcommunities.org/who-we-are/
Naughton, C.: Purpose Built Communities (2019). Podcasts. https://purposebuiltcommunities.org/podcast/
Pearrow, M., Sander, J., Jones, J.: Comparing communities: the cultural characteristics of ethnic social capital. Educ. Urban Soc. 51(6), 739–755 (2019)
Pirinen, R., Fränti, M.: Framework and culture of proactive competencies learning by Developing (LbD). In: Recent Advances in Education and Educational Technology: Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on Education and Educational Technology (EDU 2008), Venice, Italy, 21–23 November 2008. WSEAS Press (2008)
Project for Public Spaces: What is placemaking? (2007). https://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking
Project for Public Spaces: Placemaking: what if we built our cities around places? (2016). https://assets-global.website-files.com/5810e16fbe876cec6bcbd86e/5a6a1c930a6e6500019faf5d_Oct-2016-placemaking-booklet.pdf
Purpose Built Communities (2019). Accessed 31 Dec 2019. https://purposebuiltcommunities.org/
Rockland County Community Science Opportunities. https://tinyurl.com/rm9qtys
Rockland County Demographics. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/rockland-county-ny#about
Rockland County Soil and Water Conservation District. https://tinyurl.com/u97kzwq
Ruckart, P.Z., Ettinger, A.S., Hanna-Attisha, M., Jones, N., Davis, S.I., Breysse, P.N.: The flint water crisis: a coordinated public health emergency response and recovery initiative. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 25(Suppl 1 Lead Poisoning Prevention), S84–S90 (2019). Accessed 8 Jan 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309965/
Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L.: Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Publications, New York (2017)
Sannino, A., Daniels, H., Gutiérrez, K.D. (eds.): Learning and Expanding with Activity Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)
Schwartz, B.: What ‘learning how to think’ really means. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. 18 (2015)
Shafer, L.: Mapping a City-Wide Approach to Education Reform that Aligns Resources to Support All Kids. Salem Education Foundation (2017). https://www.salemeducationfoundation.org/news-and-tidbits/2018/5/24/mapping-a-city-wide-approach-to-education-reform-that-aligns-resources-to-support-all-kids
Stanton-Salazar, R.D.: A social capital framework for the study of institutional agents and their role in the empowerment of low-status students and youth. Youth Soc. 43(3), 1066–1109 (2011)
Tienken, C.H., Colella, A., Angelillo, C., Fox, M., McCahill, K.R., Wolfe, A.: Predicting middle level state standardized test results using family and community demographic data. RMLE Online, 40(1), 1–13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2016.1252304
Turvey, R.A.: Place-making and sustainable community development. In: Intellectual, Scientific, and Educational Influences on Sustainability Research, pp. 253–272. IGI Global (2019). https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/place-making-and-sustainable-community-development/230824
Uytewaal, E., van de Lande, L.: Quick-scan of socially inclusive integrated water resources management. In: The Hague, Joint Conference Paper (2019). https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/084-201904dgis_joint_paperdef_web_0.pdf
Van Ryzin, M.J., Gravely, A.A., Roseth, C.J.: Autonomy, belongingness, and engagement in school as contributors to adolescent psychological well-being. J. Youth Adolesc. 38(1), 1–12 (2009). https://tinyurl.com/saarmcy
Vygotsky, L.S.: Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1980)
Wang, J.: Opportunity to learn: the impacts and policy implications. Educ. Eval. Policy Anal. 20(3), 137–156 (1998)
Wray-Lake, L., DeHaan, C.R., Shubert, J., Ryan, R.M.: Examining links from civic engagement to daily well-being from a self-determination theory perspective. J. Posit. Psychol. 14(2), 166–177 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388432
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chauncey, S.A., Simpson, G.I. (2020). The Role of Learning City “Smart Teams” in Promoting, Supporting, and Extending the Community School Model. In: Stephanidis, C., et al. HCI International 2020 – Late Breaking Papers: Cognition, Learning and Games. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12425. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60128-7_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60128-7_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60127-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60128-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)