Abstract
Unbalanced data is widespread in practice and presents challenges which have been widely studied in classical machine learning. A classification algorithm trained with unbalanced data is likely to be biased towards the majority class and thus show inferior performance on the minority class. To improve the performance of deep neural network (DNN) models on poorly balanced data, we hybridized two well-performing loss functions, specially designed for learning imbalanced data, mean false error and focal loss. Since mean false error can effectively balance between majority and minority classes and focal loss can reduce the contribution of unnecessary samples, which are usually samples from the majority class, which may cause a DNN model to be biased towards the majority class when learning. We show that hybridizing the two losses can improve the classification performance of the model. Our hybrid loss function was tested with unbalanced data sets, extracted from CIFAR-100 and IMDB review datasets, and showed that, overall, it performed better than mean false error or focal loss.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abadi, M., et al.: Tensorflow: a system for large-scale machine learning. In: 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16), pp. 265–283 (2016)
Anand, R., Mehrotra, K.G., Mohan, C.K., Ranka, S.: An improved algorithm for neural network classification of imbalanced training sets. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 4(6), 962–969 (1993)
Buda, M., Maki, A., Mazurowski, M.A.: A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networks. Neural Netw. 106, 249–259 (2018)
Chollet, F., et al.: Keras (2015). https://keras.io
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 770–778 (2016)
Hensman, P., Masko, D.: The impact of imbalanced training data for convolutional neural networks. Degree Project in Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology (2015)
Huang, C., Li, Y., Chen, C.L., Tang, X.: Deep imbalanced learning for face recognition and attribute prediction. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (2019)
Janowczyk, A., Madabhushi, A.: Deep learning for digital pathology image analysis: a comprehensive tutorial with selected use cases. J. Pathol. Inform. 7 (2016)
Johnson, J.M., Khoshgoftaar, T.M.: Survey on deep learning with class imbalance. J. Big Data 6(1), 1–54 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0192-5
Khan, S.H., Hayat, M., Bennamoun, M., Sohel, F.A., Togneri, R.: Cost-sensitive learning of deep feature representations from imbalanced data. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 29(8), 3573–3587 (2017)
Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)
Krizhevsky, A.: Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. Tech. rep. (2009)
Kudisthalert, W., Pasupa, K., Tongsima, S.: Counting and classification of malarial parasite from giemsa-stained thin film images. IEEE Access 8, 78663–78682 (2020)
Lin, T.Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Dollár, P.: Focal loss for dense object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2980–2988 (2017)
Liu, Z., Miao, Z., Zhan, X., Wang, J., Gong, B., Yu, S.X.: Large-scale long-tailed recognition in an open world. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2537–2546 (2019)
Maas, A.L., Daly, R.E., Pham, P.T., Huang, D., Ng, A.Y., Potts, C.: Learning word vectors for sentiment analysis. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 142–150. Association for Computational Linguistics, Portland, Oregon, USA, June 2011. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1015
Pasupa, K., Kudisthalert, W.: Virtual screening by a new clustering-based weighted similarity extreme learning machine approach. PLoS ONE 13(4), e0195478 (2018)
Pasupa, K., Vatathanavaro, S., Tungjitnob, S.: Convolutional neural networks based focal loss for class imbalance problem: a case study of canine red blood cells morphology classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.03329 (2020)
Sammut, C., Webb, G.I.: Encyclopedia of Machine Learning. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin (2011)
Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 5998–6008 (2017)
Wang, H., Cui, Z., Chen, Y., Avidan, M., Abdallah, A.B., Kronzer, A.: Predicting hospital readmission via cost-sensitive deep learning. IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform. 15(6), 1968–1978 (2018)
Wang, S., Liu, W., Wu, J., Cao, L., Meng, Q., Kennedy, P.J.: Training deep neural networks on imbalanced data sets. In: 2016 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp. 4368–4374. IEEE (2016)
Zhu, X., Jing, X.Y., Zhang, F., Zhang, X., You, X., Cui, X.: Distance learning by mining hard and easy negative samples for person re-identification. Pattern Recogn. 95, 211–222 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lodkaew, T., Pasupa, K. (2020). Hybrid Loss for Improving Classification Performance with Unbalanced Data. In: Yang, H., Pasupa, K., Leung, A.CS., Kwok, J.T., Chan, J.H., King, I. (eds) Neural Information Processing. ICONIP 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1332. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63820-7_92
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63820-7_92
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63819-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63820-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)