Skip to main content

Interpretable Multivariate Time Series Classification Based on Prototype Learning

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing (GPC 2020)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 12398))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Recently, the classification of multivariate time series has attracted much attention in the field of machine learning and data mining, due to its wide application values in biomedicine, finance, industry and so on. During the last decade, deep learning has achieved great success in many tasks. However, while many studies have applied deep learning to time series classification, few works can provide good interpretability. In this paper, we propose a deep sequence model with built-in interpretability by fusing deep learning with prototype learning, aiming to achieve interpretable classification of multivariate time series. In particular, an input sequence is classified by being compared with a set of prototypes, which are also sequences learned by the developed model, i.e., exemplary cases in the problem domain. We use the matched subset of the MIMIC-III Waveform Database to evaluate the proposed model and compare it with several baseline models. Experimental results show that our model can not only achieve the best performance but also provide good interpretability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Senin, P., Malinchik, S.: SAX-VSM: interpretable time series classification using sax and vector space model. In: ICDM 2013, pp. 1175–1180 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Grabocka, J., Schilling, N., Wistuba, M., Schmidt-Thieme, L.: Learning time-series shapelets. In: KDD 2014, pp. 392–401 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cui, Z., Chen, W., Chen, Y.: Multi-scale convolutional neural networks for time series classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.06995 (2016)

  4. Zheng, Y., Liu, Q., Chen, E., Ge, Y., Zhao, J.L.: Time series classification using multi-channels deep convolutional neural networks. In: Li, F., Li, G., Hwang, S., Yao, B., Zhang, Z. (eds.) WAIM 2014. LNCS, vol. 8485, pp. 298–310. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08010-9_33

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Assaf, R., Schumann, A.: Explainable deep neural networks for multivariate time series predictions. In: IJCAI 2019, pp. 6488–6490 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wu, M., Hughes, M.C., Parbhoo, S., Zazzi, M., Roth, V., Doshi-Velez, F.: Beyond sparsity: tree regularization of deep models for interpretability. In: AAAI 2018, pp. 1670–1678 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Montavon, G., Samek, W., Müller, K.-R.: Methods for interpreting and understanding deep neural networks. Digit. Signal Process. 73, 1–15 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is All you Need. In: NIPS 2017, pp. 5998–6008 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kolodner, J.L.: An introduction to case-based reasoning. Artif. Intell. Rev., 6(1), 3–34 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Li, O., Liu, H., Chen, C., Rudin, C.: Deep learning for case-based reasoning through prototypes: a neural network that explains its predictions. In: AAAI 2018, pp. 3530–3537 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ming, Y., Xu, P., Qu, H., Ren, L.: Interpretable and steerable sequence learning via prototypes. In: KDD 2019, pp. 903–913 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gee, A.H., García-Olano, D., Ghosh, J., Paydarfar, D.: Explaining deep classification of time-series data with learned prototypes. In: KHD@IJCAI, pp. 15–22 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lines, J., Bagnall, A.: Time series classification with ensembles of elastic distance measures. Data Min. Knowl. Disc. 29(3), 565–592 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-014-0361-2

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Wistuba, M., Grabocka, J., Schmidt-Thieme, L.: Ultra-fast shapelets for time series classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.05018(2015)

  15. Ghalwash, M.F., Obradovic, Z.: Early classification of multivariate temporal observations by extraction of interpretable shapelets. BMC Bioinform. 13, 195 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ye, L., Keogh, E.J.: Time series shapelets: a new primitive for data mining. In: KDD 2009, pp. 947–956 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Zheng, Y., Liu, Q., Chen, E., Ge, Y., Zhao, J.L.: Exploiting multi-channels deep convolutional neural networks for multivariate time series classification. Front. Comput. Sci., 10(1), 96–112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-015-4478-2

  18. Zhao, B., Huanzhang, L., Chen, S.: Convolutional neural networks for time series classification. J. Syst. Eng. Electron. 28(1), 162–169 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang, C., et al.: A deep neural network for unsupervised anomaly detection and diagnosis in multivariate time series data. In: AAAI 2019, pp. 1409–1416 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Liu, C.-L., Hsaio, W.-H., Yao-Chung, T.: Time series classification with multivariate convolutional neural network. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 66(6), 4788–4797 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Guo, T., Lin, T., Antulov-Fantulin, N.: Exploring interpretable LSTM neural networks over multi-variable data. In: ICML 2019, pp. 2494–2504 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sturm, I., Bach, S., Samek, W., Müller, K.-R.: Interpretable Deep Neural Networks for Single-Trial EEG Classification. CoRR abs/1604.08201 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Strobelt, H., Gehrmann, S., Pfister, H., Rush, A.M.: LSTMVis: a tool for visual analysis of hidden state dynamics in recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., 24(1), 667–676 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Goodfellow, S., Goodwin, A., Eytan, D., Greer, R., Mazwi, M., Laussen, P.: Towards understanding ECG rhythm classification using convolutional neural networks and attention mappings. In: MLHC 2018, pp. 83–101 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Qin, Y., Song, D., Chen, H., Cheng, W., Jiang, G., Cottrell, G.W.: A dual-stage attention-based recurrent neural network for time series prediction. In: IJCAI 2017, pp. 2627–2633 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bai, T., Zhang, S., Egleston, B.L.: Interpretable representation learning for healthcare via capturing disease progression through time. In: KDD 2018, pp. 43–51 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Johnson, A.E.W., et al.: MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database. Sci. Data (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Choi, E., Bahadori, M.T., Schuetz, A., Stewart, W.F., Sun, J.: Doctor AI: predicting clinical events via recurrent neural networks. In: MLHC 2016, pp. 301–318 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61725205, 617772428), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 3102019AX10).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhu Wang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Ma, D., Wang, Z., Xie, J., Guo, B., Yu, Z. (2020). Interpretable Multivariate Time Series Classification Based on Prototype Learning. In: Yu, Z., Becker, C., Xing, G. (eds) Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing. GPC 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12398. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64243-3_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64243-3_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64242-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64243-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics