Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 1383))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

The same Machine Translation (MT) approach may not work for European languages as for Arabic, because of its structure. MT based on Neural Networks methods has recently become an alternative approach to the statistical MT. In this paper, a case study is presented on how different sequence to sequence Deep Learning (DL) models perform in the task of Arabic MT. A comprehensive comparison between these models based mainly on: Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) and Bidirectional GRU (BiGRU) is presented. Specifically, each input sequence will be translated into English one using an Encoder-Decoder model based on the four architectures with an attention mechanism. Furthermore, we study the impact of different preprocessing techniques on Arabic MT.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abdelali, A., Darwish, K., Durrani, N., Mubarak, H. Farasa: a fast and furious segmenter for Arabic. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations, pp. 11–16 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alqudsi, A., Omar, N., Shaker, K.: Arabic machine translation: a survey. Artif. Intell. Rev. 42(4), 549–572 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., Bengio, Y.: Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate (2014). Accepted at ICLR 2015 as oral presentation

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bensalah, N., Ayad, H., Adib, A., El farouk, A.I.: Combining word and character embeddings in Arabic chatbots. In: Advanced Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Development, AI2SD 2020, Tangier, Morocco (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bojanowski, P., Grave, E., Joulin, A., Mikolov, T.: Enriching word vectors with subword information. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 5, 135–146 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bouny, L.E., Khalil, M., Adib, A.: ECG heartbeat classification based on multi-scale wavelet convolutional neural networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Barcelona, Spain, Mai 4–8 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cho, K., van Merriënboer, B., Bahdanau, D., Bengio, Y.: On the properties of neural machine translation: encoder–decoder approaches. In: Proceedings of SSST-8, Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cho, K., van Merriënboer, B., Gülçehre, a., Bahdanau, D., Bougares, F., Schwenk, H., Bengio, Y.: Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. In: EMNLP ACL (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Devlin, J., Zbib, R., Huang, Z., Lamar, T., Schwartz, R., Makhoul, J.: Fast and robust neural network joint models for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  10. El Kholy, A., Habash, N. Orthographic and morphological processing for English-Arabic statistical machine translation. Mach. Transl. 26, 25–45 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Feurer, M., Hutter, F.: Hyperparameter optimization. In: Automated Machine Learning. Springer, pp. 3–33 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Graves, A., Schmidhuber, J.: Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional lstm and other neural network architectures. Neural Netw. 18(5–6), 602–610 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Habash, N., Sadat, F.: Arabic preprocessing schemes for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hanin, B.: Which neural net architectures give rise to exploding and vanishing gradients? In: NeurIPS (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hutchins, W.J., Somers, H.L.: An Introduction to Machine Translation. Academic Press, Cambridge (1992)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nagao, M.: A framework of a mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle. In: Artificial and Human Intelligence, North-Holland (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., Zhu, W.-J.: Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 311–318. Association for Computational Linguistics (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Schuster, M., Paliwal, K.K.: Bidirectional recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans. Sign. Process. 45(11), 2673–2681 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sekkate, S., Khalil, M., Adib, A., Jebara, S.B.: An investigation of a feature-level fusion for noisy speech emotion recognition. Comput. 8, 91 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tiedemann, J.: Parallel data, tools and interfaces in OPUS. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012) Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 2214–2218 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Turing, A.M.: Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind (1950)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nouhaila Bensalah .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bensalah, N., Ayad, H., Adib, A., Ibn El Farouk, A. (2021). LSTM vs. GRU for Arabic Machine Translation. In: Abraham, A., et al. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR 2020). SoCPaR 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1383. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73689-7_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics