Abstract
A network realization problem involves a given specification \(\pi \) for some network parameters (such as vertex degrees or inter-vertex distances), and requires constructing a network G that satisfies \(\pi \), if possible. In many settings, it may be difficult or impossible to come up with a precise realization (e.g., the specification data might be inaccurate, or the reconstruction problem might be computationally infeasible). In this expository paper, we review various alternative approaches for coping with these difficulties by relaxing the requirements, discuss the resulting problems and illustrate some (precise or approximate) solutions.
Supported in part by a US-Israel BSF grant (2018043).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, P., Nikolayevsky, Y.: Planar bipartite biregular degree sequences. Discr. Math. 342, 433–440 (2019)
Aigner, M., Triesch, E.: Realizability and uniqueness in graphs. Discr. Math. 136, 3–20 (1994)
Alpers, A., Gritzmann, P.: Reconstructing binary matrices under window constraints from their row and column sums. Fundamenta Informaticae 155(4), 321–340 (2017)
Alpers, A., Gritzmann, P.: Dynamic discrete tomography. Inverse Probl. 34(3), 034003 (2018)
Alpers, A., Gritzmann, P.: On double-resolution imaging and discrete tomography. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 32, 1369–1399 (2018)
Althöfer, I.: On optimal realizations of finite metric spaces by graphs. Discret. Comput. Geom. 3, 103–122 (1988)
Anstee, R.: Properties of a class of (0,1)-matrices covering a given matrix. Canad. J. Math. 34, 438–453 (1982)
Anstee, R.P.: An algorithmic proof of Tutte’s \(f\)-factor theorem. J. Algorithms 6(1), 112–131 (1985)
Baldisserri, A.: Buneman’s theorem for trees with exactly n vertices. CoRR (2014)
Bandelt, H.: Recognition of tree metrics. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 3, 1–6 (1990)
Bar-Noy, A., Böhnlein, T., Lotker, Z., Peleg, D., Rawitz, D.: The generalized microscopic image reconstruction problem. In: 30th ISAAC, volume 149 of LIPIcs, pp. 42:1–42:15 (2019)
Bar-Noy, A., Choudhary, K., Peleg, D., Rawitz, D.: Efficiently realizing interval sequences. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 34(4), 2318–2337 (2020)
Bar-Noy, A., Peleg, D., Perry, M., Rawitz, D.: Composed degree-distance realizations of graphs. In: 32nd IWOCA (2021)
Bar-Noy, A., Peleg, D., Perry, M., Rawitz, D., Schwartz, N. L.: Distance realization approximations. In: preparation (2021)
Battaglino, D., Frosini, A., Rinaldi, S.: A decomposition theorem for homogeneous sets with respect to diamond probes. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 117, 319–325 (2013)
Baum, D.A., Smith, S.D.: Tree Thinking: an Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology. Roberts and Company, Greenwood Village, CO (2013)
Blitzstein, J.K., Diaconis, P.: A sequential importance sampling algorithm for generating random graphs with prescribed degrees. Internet Math. 6(4), 489–522 (2011)
Broom, M., Cannings, C.: A dynamic network population model with strategic link formation governed by individual preferences. J. Theoret. Biol. 335, 160–168 (2013)
Broom, M., Cannings, C.: Graphic deviation. Discr. Math. 338, 701–711 (2015)
Broom, M., Cannings, C.: Game theoretical modelling of a dynamically evolving network i: general target sequences. J. Dyn. Games 335, 285–318 (2017)
Burstein, D., Rubin, J.: Sufficient conditions for graphicality of bidegree sequences. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 31, 50–62 (2017)
Cai, M.-C., Deng, X., Zang, W.: Solution to a problem on degree sequences of graphs. Discr. Math. 219(1–3), 253–257 (2000)
Camin, J.H., Sokal, R.R.: A method for deducing branching sequences in phylogeny. Evolution 19, 311–326 (1965)
Chen, W.-K.: On the realization of a (p, s)-digraph with prescribed degrees. J. Franklin Inst. 281(5), 406–422 (1966)
Chernyak, A.A., Chernyak, Z.A., Tyshkevich, R.I.: On forcibly hereditary \(p\)-graphical sequences. Discr. Math. 64, 111–128 (1987)
W. Chou and H. Frank. Survivable communication networks and the terminal capacity matrix. IEEE Trans. Circ. Theory, CT-17, 192–197 (1970)
Choudum, S.A.: A simple proof of the Erdös-Gallai theorem on graph sequences. Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 33(1), 67–70 (1991)
Chung, F.R.K., Garrett, M.W., Graham, R.L., Shallcross, D.: Distance realization problems with applications to internet tomography. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 63, 432–448 (2001)
Chungphaisan, V.: Conditions for sequences to be r-graphic. Discr. Math. 7(1–2), 31–39 (1974)
Cloteaux, B.: Fast sequential creation of random realizations of degree sequences. Internet Math. 12(3), 205–219 (2016)
Culberson, J.C., Rudnicki, P.: A fast algorithm for constructing trees from distance matrices. Inf. Process. Lett. 30(4), 215–220 (1989)
Dahl, G., Flatberg, T.: A remark concerning graphical sequences. Discr. Math. 304(1–3), 62–64 (2005)
Dahlhaus, E.: Fast parallel recognition of ultrametrics and tree metrics. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 6(4), 523–532 (1993)
Dress, A.W.M.: Trees, tight extensions of metric spaces, and the cohomological dimension of certain groups: a note on combinatorial properties of metric spaces. Adv. Math. 53, 321–402 (1984)
Erdös, D., Gemulla, R., Terzi, E.: Reconstructing graphs from neighborhood data. ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data 8(4), 23:1–23:22 (2014)
Erdös, P., Gallai, T.: Graphs with prescribed degrees of vertices [Hungarian]. Matematikai Lapok 11, 264–274 (1960)
Erdös, P.L., Miklós, I., Toroczkai, Z.: A simple Havel-Hakimi type algorithm to realize graphical degree sequences of directed graphs. Electr. J. Comb. 17(1) (2010)
Even, G., Medina, M., Patt-Shamir, B.: On-line path computation and function placement in SDNs. Theory Comput. Syst. 63(2), 306–325 (2019)
Even, G., Rost, M., Schmid, S.: An approximation algorithm for path computation and function placement in SDNs. In: Suomela, J. (ed.) SIROCCO 2016. LNCS, vol. 9988, pp. 374–390. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48314-6_24
Feder, T., Meyerson, A., Motwani, R., O’Callaghan, L., Panigrahy, R.: Representing graph metrics with fewest edges. In: Alt, H., Habib, M. (eds.) STACS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2607, pp. 355–366. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36494-3_32
Felsenstein, J.: Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17, 368–376 (1981)
Fitch, W.M.: Toward defining the course of evolution: Minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst. Biol. 20, 406–416 (1971)
Frank, A.: Augmenting graphs to meet edge-connectivity requirements. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 5, 25–43 (1992)
Frank, A.: Connectivity augmentation problems in network design. In: Mathematical programming: state of the art, pp. 34–63. Univ. Michigan (1994)
Frank, H., Chou, W.: Connectivity considerations in the design of survivable networks. IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-17, 486–490 (1970)
Frosini, A., Nivat, M.: Binary matrices under the microscope: a tomographical problem. Theor. Comput. Sci. 370(1–3), 201–217 (2007)
Frosini, A., Nivat, M., Rinaldi, S.: Scanning integer matrices by means of two rectangular windows. Theor. Comput. Sci. 406(1–2), 90–96 (2008)
Fulkerson, D.: Zero-one matrices with zero trace. Pacific J. Math. 12, 831–836 (1960)
Gale, D.: A theorem on flows in networks. Pacific J. Math. 7, 1073–1082 (1957)
Garg, A., Goel, A., Tripathi, A.: Constructive extensions of two results on graphic sequences. Discr. Appl. Math. 159(17), 2170–2174 (2011)
Gontier, N.: Depicting the tree of life: the philosophical and historical roots of evolutionary tree diagrams. Evol. Educ. Outreach 4, 515–538 (2011)
Gritzmann, P., Langfeld, B., Wiegelmann, M.: Uniqueness in discrete tomography: three remarks and a corollary. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 25, 1589–1599 (2011)
Guo, J., Yin, J.: A variant of Niessen’s problem on degree sequences of graphs. Discr. Math. Theor. Comput. Sci. 16, 287–292 (2014)
Gupta, G., Joshi, P., Tripathi, A.: Graphic sequences of trees and a problem of Frobenius. Czechoslovak Math. J. 57, 49–52 (2007)
Hakimi, S.L.: On realizability of a set of integers as degrees of the vertices of a linear graph -I. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 10(3), 496–506 (1962)
Hakimi, S.L., Yau, S.S.: Distance matrix of a graph and its realizability. Quart. Appl. Math. 22, 305–317 (1965)
Hammer, P.L., Ibaraki, T., Simeone, B.: Threshold sequences. SIAM J. Algebra. Discr. 2(1), 39–49 (1981)
Hammer, P.L., Simeone, B.: The splittance of a graph. Combinatorica 1, 275–284 (1981)
Hartung, S., Nichterlein, A.: Np-hardness and fixed-parameter tractability of realizing degree sequences with directed acyclic graphs. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 29, 1931–1960 (2015)
Havel, V.: A remark on the existence of finite graphs [in Czech]. Casopis Pest. Mat. 80, 477–480 (1955)
Heinrich, K., Hell, P., Kirkpatrick, D.G., Liu, G.: A simple existence criterion for \((g < f)\)-factors. Discr. Math. 85, 313–317 (1990)
Hell, P., Kirkpatrick, D.: Linear-time certifying algorithms for near-graphical sequences. Discr. Math. 309(18), 5703–5713 (2009)
Hennig, W.: Phylogenetic Systematics. Illinois University Press, Champaign (1966)
Herman, G.T., Kuba, A.: Discrete Tomography: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media (2012)
Hulett, H., Will, T.G., Woeginger, G.J.: Multigraph realizations of degree sequences: maximization is easy, minimization is hard. Oper. Res. Lett. 36(5), 594–596 (2008)
Jayadev, S.P., Narasimhan, S., Bhatt, N.: Learning conserved networks from flows. Technical report, CoRR (2019). http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08716
Kelly, P.: A congruence theorem for trees. Pacific J. Math. 7, 961–968 (1957)
Kidd, K.K., Sgaramella-Zonta, L.: Phylogenetic analysis: Concepts and methods. American J. Hum. Gen. 23, 235–252 (1971)
Kim, H., Toroczkai, Z., Erdos, P.L., Miklos, I., Szekely, L.A.: Degree-based graph construction. J. Phys. Math. Theor. 42, 1–10 (2009)
Kleitman, D.J.: Minimal number of multiple edges in realization of an incidence sequence without loops. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 18(1), 25–28 (1970)
Kleitman, D.J., Wang, D.L.: Algorithms for constructing graphs and digraphs with given valences and factors. Discr. Math. 6, 79–88 (1973)
Kutiel, G., Rawitz, D.: Service chain placement in SDNs. Discr. Appl. Math. 270, 168–180 (2019)
Li, C., McCormick, S., Simchi-Levi, D.: On the minimum-cardinality-bounded-diameter and the bounded-cardinality-minimum-diameter edge addition problems. Oper. Res. Lett. 11, 303–308 (1992)
Lovász, L.: Subgraphs with prescribed valencies. J. Comb. Theory 8, 391–416 (1970)
Mihail, M., Vishnoi, N.: On generating graphs with prescribed degree sequences for complex network modeling applications. In: 3rd ARACNE (2002)
Nieminen, J.: Realizing the distance matrix of a graph. J. Inf. Process. Cybern. 12(1/2), 29–31 (1976)
Nivat, M.: Sous-ensembles homogénes de z2 et pavages du plan. Comptes Rendus Mathematique 335(1), 83–86 (2002)
O’Neil, P.V.: Ulam’s conjecture and graph reconstructions. Am. Math. Mon. 77, 35–43 (1970)
Owens, A., Trent, H.: On determining minimal singularities for the realizations of an incidence sequence. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 15(2), 406–418 (1967)
Owens, A.B.: On determining the minimum number of multiple edges for an incidence sequence. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 18(1), 238–240 (1970)
Patrinos, A.N., Hakimi, S.L.: The distance matrix of a graph n and its tree realizability. Q. Appl. Math. 30(3), 255 (1972)
Ryser, H.: Combinatorial properties of matrices of zeros and ones. Canad. J. Math. 9, 371–377 (1957)
Schmeichel, E.F., Hakimi, S.L.: On planar graphical degree sequences. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 32, 598–609 (1977)
Schuh, R.T., Brower, A.V.: Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications. Cornell University Press (2009)
Sierksma, G., Hoogeveen, H.: Seven criteria for integer sequences being graphic. J. Graph Theory 15(2), 223–231 (1991)
Simões-Pereira, J.M.S.: An optimality criterion for graph embeddings of metrics. SIAM J. Discr. Math. 1(2), 223–229 (1988)
Simões-Pereira, J.M.S.: An algorithm and its role in the study of optimal graph realizations of distance matrices. Discr. Math. 79(3), 299–312 (1990)
Swofford, D.L., Olsen, G.J.: Phylogeny reconstruction. Mol. Syst. 411–501 (1990)
Tatsuya, A., Nagamochi, H.: Comparison and enumeration of chemical graphs. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. 5(6), e201302004 (2013)
Tripathi, A., Tyagi, H.: A simple criterion on degree sequences of graphs. Discr. Appl. Math. 156(18), 3513–3517 (2008)
Tripathi, A., Venugopalan, S., West, D.B.: A short constructive proof of the Erdös-Gallai characterization of graphic lists. Discr. Math. 310(4), 843–844 (2010)
Tripathi, A., Vijay, S.: A note on a theorem of Erdös & Gallai. Discr. Math. 265(1–3), 417–420 (2003)
Tutte, W.T.: Graph factors. Combinatorica 1, 79–97 (1981)
Tyshkevich, R.: Decomposition of graphical sequences and unigraphs. Discr. Math. 220, 201–238 (2000)
Tyshkevich, R.I., Chernyak, A.A., Chernyak, Z.A.: Graphs and degree sequences: a survey I. Cybernetics 23, 734–745 (1987)
Tyshkevich, R.I., Chernyak, A.A., Chernyak, Z.A.: Graphs and degree sequences: a survey II. Cybernetics 24, 137–152 (1988)
Tyshkevich, R.I., Chernyak, A.A., Chernyak, Z.A.: Graphs and degree sequences: a survey III. Cybernetics 24, 539–548 (1988)
Tyshkevich, R.I., Mel’nikov, O.I., Kotov, V.M.: Graphs and degree sequences: canonical decomposition. Cybernetics 17, 722–727 (1981)
Ulam, S.: A Collection of Mathematical Problems. Wiley, Hoboken (1960)
Varone, S.C.: A constructive algorithm for realizing a distance matrix. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 174(1), 102–111 (2006)
Wormald, N.: Models of random regular graphs. Surveys Combin. 267, 239–298 (1999)
Zverovich, I.E., Zverovich, V.E.: Contributions to the theory of graphic sequences. Discr. Math. 105(1–3), 293–303 (1992)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bar-Noy, A., Böhnlein, T., Peleg, D., Perry, M., Rawitz, D. (2021). Relaxed and Approximate Graph Realizations. In: Flocchini, P., Moura, L. (eds) Combinatorial Algorithms. IWOCA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12757. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79987-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79987-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79986-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79987-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)