Abstract
Cryptographic keys extracted from Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) can be produced reliably when paired with helper functions, but this places a burden of computation on client devices. With the disparity in power between weaker Internet of Things devices and the more powerful server clusters, response-based cryptography (RBC) shifts that burden of error correction on the server to match the client’s response. Noise injection is a potential solution for security in hostile environments, so it is vital to know to what error rate can a distributed system correct in an RBC cyber system. In this paper, we explore the feasibility and scalability of response-based cryptography in a high-performance computing environment. We present a highly parallel, MPI-based implementation using up to 512 ranks/cores. Scalability was achieved by ordering the key space lexicographically and having each rank independently generate its own work using combinadics, where we assign equal workloads to each MPI rank. Terminating the key search early across distributed-memory ranks is challenging as it can incur significant overhead. Thus, we compare two strategies for terminating the search algorithm early. We assume that a typical user prefers a service to be responsive within a two second window. We are able to achieve authentication under this assumed latency metric up to 5 bit errors over an AES-256 key when utilizing 512 ranks. The speedup of our RBC search algorithm developed achieves good scalability yielding a speedup of 404\(\times \) on 512 ranks.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, S.E.: Bit Twiddling Hacks (2005)
Antoniadis, A., Sklavos, N., Kavun, E.B.: An efficient implementation of a delay-based PUF construction. In: Proceedings of Trustworthy Manufacturing and Utilization of Secure Devices Workshop, Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference, DATE 2020, Paris, France (2020)
Assiri, S., Cambou, B., Booher, D.D., Ghanai Miandoab, D., Mohammadinodoushan, M.: Key exchange using ternary system to enhance security. In: IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), pp. 0488–0492 (2019)
Booher, D.D., Cambou, B., Carlson, A.H., Philabaum, C.: Dynamic key generation for polymorphic encryption. In: IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), pp. 0482–0487 (2019)
Bösch, C., Guajardo, J., Sadeghi, A.-R., Shokrollahi, J., Tuyls, P.: Efficient helper data key extractor on FPGAs. In: Oswald, E., Rohatgi, P. (eds.) Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, pp. 181–197. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85053-3_12
Boyen, X.: Reusable cryptographic fuzzy extractors. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2004, pp. 82–91. ACM, New York (2004)
Cambou, B., Telesca, D.: Ternary computing to strengthen information assurance. Development of ternary state based public key exchange. In: SAI Computing Conference. IEEE (2018)
Cambou, B.: Physically unclonable function generating systems and related methods. US Patent 9,985,791, 29 May 2018
Cambou, B.: Unequally powered cryptography with physical unclonable functions for networks of internet of things terminals. In: Proceedings of the Communications & Networking Symposium, CNS 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 4:1–4:13. Society for Computer Simulation International (2019)
Cambou, B., Flikkema, P.G., Palmer, J., Telesca, D., Philabaum, C.: Can ternary computing improve information assurance? Cryptography 2(1), 6 (2018)
Cambou, B., Orlowski, M.: PUF designed with resistive ram and ternary states. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Cyber and Information Security Research Conference, pp. 1–8 (2016)
Cambou, B., Philabaum, C., Booher, D.: Response-based cryptography with PUFs. NAU Case D2018-049
Cambou, B., Philabaum, C., Booher, D.: Replacing error correction by key fragmentation and search engines to generate error-free cryptographic keys from PUFs. In: CryptArchi (2019)
Cambou, B., Philabaum, C., Booher, D., Telesca, D.A.: Response-based cryptographic methods with ternary physical unclonable functions. In: Arai, K., Bhatia, R. (eds.) Advances in Information and Communication, pp. 781–800. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12385-7_55
Chen, A.: Comprehensive assessment of RRAM-based PUF for hardware security applications. In: 2015 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), pp. 10.7.1–10.7.4 (2015)
Chen, B., Ignatenko, T., Willems, F.M.J., Maes, R., van der Sluis, E., Selimis, G.: A robust SRAM-PUF key generation scheme based on polar codes. In: IEEE Global Communications Conference, pp. 1–6 (2017)
Delvaux, J., Gu, D., Schellekens, D., Verbauwhede, I.: Helper data algorithms for PUF-based key generation: overview and analysis. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circ. Syst. 34(6), 889–902 (2015)
Gassend, B., et al.: Silicon Physical Randomness. In: Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 148–160 (2002)
Guajardo, J., Kumar, S.S., Schrijen, GJ., Tuyls, P.: FPGA intrinsic PUFs and their use for IP protection. In: Paillier, P., Verbauwhede, I. (eds.) Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, CHES 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4727. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74735-2_5
Gueron, S.: Intel® Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) New Instructions Set. Technical Report 323641-001, Intel Corporation, May 2010
Harary, F., Beckenbach, E.F.: Applied Combinatorial Mathematics (1964)
Herder, C., Yu, M., Koushanfar, F., Devadas, S.: Physical unclonable functions and applications: a tutorial. Proc. IEEE 102(8), 1126–1141 (2014)
Hiller, M., Merli, D., Stumpf, F., Sigl, G.: Complementary IBS: application specific error correction for PUFs. In: 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, pp. 1–6, June 2012
Hofer, M., Boehm, C.: An alternative to error correction for SRAM-Like PUFs. In: Mangard, S., Standaert, F.X. (eds.) Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, CHES 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6225. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15031-9_23
Holcomb, D.E., Burleson, W.P., Fu, K., et al.: Initial SRAM state as a fingerprint and source of true random numbers for RFID tags. In: Proceedings of the Conference on RFID Security, vol. 7, p. 01 (2007)
Kang, H., Hori, Y., Katashita, T., Hagiwara, M., Iwamura, K.: Cryptographie key generation from PUF data using efficient fuzzy extractors. In: 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, pp. 23–26, February 2014
Keller, C., Gürkaynak, F., Kaeslin, H., Felber, N.: Dynamic memory-based physically unclonable function for the generation of unique identifiers and true random numbers. In: 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 2740–2743. IEEE (2014)
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programming: Vol. 4, No. 1: Bitwise Tricks and Techniques-Binary Decision Diagrams. Addison Wesley Professional (2009)
Knuth, D.E.: Generating All Combinations and Partitions. Addison-Wesley (2010)
Maes, R., Tuyls, P., Verbauwhede, I.: A soft decision helper data algorithm for SRAM PUFs. In: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, pp. 2101–2105, June 2009
Maes, R., Verbauwhede, I.: Physically unclonable functions: a study on the state of the art and future research directions. In: Sadeghi, A.R., Naccache, D. (eds.) Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security. Information Security and Cryptography. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14452-3_1
Mohammadinodoushan, M., Cambou, B., Philabaum, C., Hely, D., Booher, D.: Implementation of password management system using ternary addressable PUF generator. In: IEEE SECON 2019: IEEE STP-CPS Workshop, June 2019
Prabhu, P., et al.: Extracting device fingerprints from flash memory by exploiting physical variations. In: McCune, J.M., Balacheff, B., Perrig, A., Sadeghi, AR., Sasse, A., Beres, Y. (eds.) Trust and Trustworthy Computing, Trust 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6740. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21599-5_14
Rahman, M.T., Rahman, F., Forte, D., Tehranipoor, M.: An aging-resistant RO-PUF for reliable key generation. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. 4(3), 335–348 (2016)
Rožić, V., Yang, B., Vliegen, J., Mentens, N., Verbauwhede, I.: The Monte Carlo PUF. In: 2017 27th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2017)
Schrijen, G.-J., van der Leest, V.: Comparative analysis of SRAM memories used as PUF primitives. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe, DATE 2012, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 1319–1324. EDA Consortium (2012)
Sutar, S., Raha, A., Raghunathan, V.: D-PUF: an intrinsically reconfigurable DRAM PUF for device authentication in embedded systems. In: 2016 International Conference on Compliers, Architectures, and Synthesis of Embedded Systems (CASES), pp. 1–10. IEEE (2016)
Taniguchi, M., Shiozaki, M., Kubo, H., Fujino, T.: A stable key generation from PUF responses with a fuzzy extractor for cryptographic authentications. In: IEEE 2nd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE), pp. 525–527 (2013)
Vatajelu, E.I., Di Natale, G., Barbareschi, M., Torres, L., Indaco, M., Prinetto, P.: STT-MRAM-based PUF architecture exploiting magnetic tunnel junction fabrication-induced variability. J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 13(1), 1–26 (2016)
Yu, M., Devadas, S.: Secure and robust error correction for physical unclonable functions. IEEE Des. Test Comput. 27(1), 48–65 (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Philabaum, C., Coffey, C., Cambou, B., Gowanlock, M. (2021). A Response-Based Cryptography Engine in Distributed-Memory. In: Arai, K. (eds) Intelligent Computing. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 285. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80129-8_60
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80129-8_60
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80128-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80129-8
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)