Abstract
Humans are increasingly asked to interact with automation in complex and large-scale systems. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has started working on regulations for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). For the foreseeable future, unmanned ships will most likely be under supervision from a Remote Control Centre (RCC), called constrained autonomy. We see a need to include the end-user and carry out a risk-based design analysis, considering the operational quality of the RCC. This paper proposes an approach based on the CRIOP method, short for Crisis Intervention and Operability analysis. Could this framework be adapted to the evaluation of RCC used for MASS operations? What critical scenarios should be used for evaluations of the design/HMI of an RCC? The paper recommends Operational Envelopes to describe the constraints of the system and concludes with recommendations regarding an interdisciplinary, collaborative, and anticipatory analysis of the HMI to enhance operator performance and reliability.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wróbel, K., Gil, M., Montewka, J.: Identifying research directions of a remotely-controlled merchant ship by revisiting her system-theoretic safety control structure. Saf. Sci. 129, 104797 (2020)
Porathe, T., Rødseth, Ø.J.: Simplifying interactions between autonomous and conventional ships with e-Navigation. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1357(1), 012041 (2019)
Veitch, E., Hynnekleiv, A., Lützhöft, M.: The Operator’s Stake in Shore Control Centre Design: A Stakeholders Analysis for Autonomous Ships. London, UK (2020). https://doi.org/10.3940/hf.20
Relling, T.: A systems perspective on maritime autonomy: The Vessel Traffic Service’s contribution to safe coexistence between autonomous and conventional vessels. Doctoral Thesis at NTNU (2020)
IMO (2013): Guidelines for the Approval of Alternatives and Equivalents as provided for in Various IMO Instruments, MSC.1/Circ.1455, 24 June 2013
NMA: Norwegian Maritime Authorities circular RSV 12-2020, Guidelines for automation on fully or partly unmanned vessels (2020). (In Norwegian)
Lloyds register: Code for Unmanned Marine Systems. ShipRight: Design and Construction. Additional Design Procedures (2017)
DNV GL: Class Guideline-Autonomous and remotely operated ships. DNVGL-0264 (2018)
SINTEF report: CRIOP Handbook from (2011). www.criop.sintef.no
Rutledal, D.: Designing for the unknown: using structured analysis and design technique (SADT) to create a pilot domain for a shore control centre for autonomous ships. In: Submitted to the AHFE 2021 International Conference (2021). (in review)
Rødseth, Ø.J.: Defining ship autonomy by characteristic factors. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships. SINTEF Academic Press (2019)
Rødseth, Ø.J., et al.: “AUTOSHIP deliverable D3.1: Autonomous ship design standards” (2020)
Rødseth, Ø.J., Nordahl, H.: Definitions for autonomous merchant ships. In: Norwegian Forum for Unmanned Ships, Version, vol. 1, p. 2017-10 (2017)
Rødseth, Ø.J., Psaraftis, H.N., Krause, S., Raakjær, J., Coelho, N.F.: AEGIS: Advanced, efficient and green intermodal systems. In: IOP: Materials Science and Engineering (2020)
Thieme, C.A., Guo, C., Utne, I.B., Haugen, S.: Preliminary hazard analysis of a small harbor passenger ferry–results, challenges and further work. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1357(1), 012024 (2019)
Wróbel, K., Montewka, J., Kujala, P.: Towards the assessment of potential impact of unmanned vessels on maritime transportation safety. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 165, 155–169 (2017)
Veritas, B.: NI641 guidelines for autonomous shipping (2019)
Chaal, M., Banda, O.V., Basnet, S., Hirdaris, S., Kujala, P.: An initial hierarchical systems structure for systemic hazard analysis of autonomous ships. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Safety and Security of Autonomous Vessels (ISSAV). Sciendo (2020)
Fan, C., Wróbel, K., Montewka, J., Gil, M., Wan, C., Zhang, D.: A framework to identify factors influencing navigational risk for maritime autonomous surface ships. Ocean Eng. 202, 107188 (2020)
Leveson, N.G.: Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety, p. 560. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2016)
Acknowledgements
This paper was published with support from the SAREPTA (Safety, autonomy, remote control and operations of industrial transport systems) project financed by the Norwegian Research Council with Grant No. 267860.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hoem, Å.S., Rødseth, Ø.J., Johnsen, S.O. (2021). Adopting the CRIOP Framework as an Interdisciplinary Risk Analysis Method in the Design of Remote Control Centre for Maritime Autonomous Systems. In: Arezes, P.M., Boring, R.L. (eds) Advances in Safety Management and Human Performance. AHFE 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 262. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80288-2_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80288-2_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80287-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80288-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)