Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of residential gardens in the context of modern houses (20th & 21st centuries) charted in the backdrop of changing aesthetic dogma. It aims to demonstrate that despite the changing times, garden designers repeatedly use the same or similar solutions, interpreted in accordance with the spirit and the means available in a given period. Gardens were an indispensable part of residences; more recently and in a somewhat scaled down form they were enjoyed by industrialists, financiers and professionals. The pursuit of beauty in a garden took place in the real and speculative spheres, facilitating harmony in accordance with the adopted cultural dogma.
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Notes
- 1.
He also designed Crystal Palace, the venue of the 1851 World’s Fair exhibition in London, as well as the garden around it.
- 2.
Landscape painting developed initially in England. In France, in the first half of the 19th century a group of painters, later called the Barbizons, founded an artistic colony whose aim was to paint the surrounding landscapes. Its members included Théodore Rousseau, Camille Corot, Charles-François Daubigny… and Józef Szermentowski, a Pole, in: Frazer L.Ch., The Barbizon School (1830–1870): Expanding the Landscape of the Modern Art Market, The Arbutus Review 8(1), p. 4–14, 2017.
- 3.
One of the chambers of the palace in Czerniejewo is one such example - the result of an unfinished change in the decor of the palace. Bardzińska-Bonenberg, Założenie pałacowo-parkowe Czerniejewo, Wydział Architektury Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań 2008, p. 72.
- 4.
Gertrude Jekyll designed and modernized gardens of small estates and medieval castles. In her writings she was drawing the attention of readers to combinations of colours, forms and appearance of a garden in different seasons. http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/vx/tf1v19n5vx/files/tf1v19n5vx.pdf.
- 5.
Czyżewski A., Trzewia Lewiatana. Miasta-ogrody i narodziny przedmieścia kulturalnego, The National Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw, Warsaw 2009.
- 6.
At the 1929 WUWA exhibition in Wrocław, designs of a variety of house,s also included plot development blueprints, in: Urbanik J., Wrocławska Wystawa Werkbundu WUWA 1929, Museum of Architecture in Wrocław, Publishing House of the Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław 2002.
- 7.
Rozbicka M., Małe mieszkanie z ogrodem w tle w teorii i praktyce popularnego budownictwa mieszkaniowego w międzywojennej Polsce, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warsaw 2007.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
In the 1925 L'Esprit Nuoveau Pavilion, Corbusier retains a tree, although in reality, surrounded by foundations it would not survive. In Immeubles-Villas block (1922), deep loggias are intensely vegetated in the interior, although the plants will really only be able to live in the daylight zone.
- 11.
The last renovation of the villa took place in 2010–2012, based on the memories of the owner and her daughters. https://www.iconichouses.org/specials/villa-tugendhat/history.
- 12.
- 13.
About the garden: https://wp.eghn.org/en/haus-ester-haus-lange/.
- 14.
In 2000 both gardens were thoroughly reconstructed. The part in the hands of the Esters family still has the original design drawings. The plans of the neighbouring garden were not found, but the surviving photographs show that both gardens were similarly designed. https://wp.eghn.org/en/haus-ester-haus-lange/#1446907548030-48d1713e-b0ac.
- 15.
In the design of the pulp mill in Sunila (1937–39), to a large extent Alvar Aalto kept the in-situ land forms. He inscribed the hall and production constructions into the rocky slope. As cited in: S. Giedion, Czas, przestrzeń, architektura, – narodziny nowej tradycji; Arkady, Warsaw 1968, p. 625–627.
- 16.
Jetsonen J. and S., 30 homes designed by Aalto from the 1920s to the end of the 1960s, Introduction. https://www.worldcat.org/title/alvar-aalto-houses/oclc/797830489.
- 17.
Jetsonen J. and S., ibidem.
- 18.
After the renovation, they were replaced by concrete retaining walls.
- 19.
The first deliberately wild flower meadow was established in 1850 by Prince Albert at Osborne House (Isle of Wight) for his own children. In 1982 Prince Charles, founded a similar one on 32-hectare Highgrove estate and became a propagator of this type of gardens. https://www.ft.com/content/97f2cb48-eefc-11e2-bb27-00144feabdc0.
- 20.
This trend can be seen in newly designed gardens residences. Conran T., Pearson D., Nowoczesne ogrody, Hobhouse P. Historia ogrodów, Arkady Sp. z o.o., Warsaw 2007, and fragments of Wines J., Zielona architektura, Tashen/TMC Art., Koeln 2008.
- 21.
A Scottish writer, poet, artist and gardener who died in 2006.
- 22.
“The most important work of Scottish art” – the result of 2004 annual poll of the Scottish artistic community.
- 23.
- 24.
Plesińska K., Architektura, sztuka, design - symbioza w przestrzeni miasta, Zeszyty Naukowe No. 49 Architecture, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice 2009, p. 157–163.
- 25.
For more on the symbolism of gardens see: Wojciech Brzezowski, Ian Hamilton Finlay i jego Mała Sparta. https://docplayer.pl/32193406-Ian-hamilton-finlay-i-jego-mala-sparta-ian-hamilton-finlay-and-his-little-sparta.html.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
Bardzińska-Bonenberg T., Bonenberg A., Eclecticism of 20th - century tenement house façades as a reiterating occurrence, In: A house in a city: properties of an architectural thing: monograph. Vol. 1, Publishing House of Cracow University of Technology, Cracow 2016.
References
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http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/vx/tf1v19n5vx/files/tf1v19n5vx.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2021
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https://aht915.wordpress.com/2016/02/22/utopic-design-in-le-corbusiers-villa-meyer/. Accessed 12 Jan 2021
Villa Stein. https://twitter.com/ruben_ruheca/status/774552231429435392/photo/
https://www.iconichouses.org/specials/villa-tugendhat/history
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https://www.ft.com/content/97f2cb48-eefc-11e2-bb27-00144feabdc0
https://www.ft.com/content/97f2cb48-eefc-11e2-bb27-00144feabdc0
Wines, J.: Zielona architektura. Tashen/TMC Art., Kolonia (2008)
Bardzińska-Bonenberg, T., Bonenberg, A.: Eclecticism of 20th - century tenement house façades as a reiterating occurrence. In: Kozłowski, D. (ed.) Technical Transactions, Monograph 529, vol. 1, pp. 7–19. Publishing House of Cracow University of Technology, Cracow (2016)
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Bonenberg, W., Bardzinska-Bonenberg, T., Liu, S. (2021). Garden - The Pursuit of Harmony in the Modern Times. In: Charytonowicz, J., Maciejko, A., Falcão, C.S. (eds) Advances in Human Factors in Architecture, Sustainable Urban Planning and Infrastructure. AHFE 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 272. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80710-8_26
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