Skip to main content

Towards Math Terms Disambiguation Using Machine Learning

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Intelligent Computer Mathematics (CICM 2021)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 12833))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Word disambiguation has been an important task in natural language processing. However, the problem of disambiguation is still less explored in mathematical text. Similar to natural languages, some math terms are not assigned a unique interpretation. As math text is an important part of the scientific literature, an accurate and efficient way of performing disambiguation of math terms will be a significant contribution. In this paper, we present some investigations on math-term disambiguation using machine learning. All experimental data are selected from the DLMF dataset. Our experiments consist of 3 steps: (1) create a labeled dataset of math equations (from the DLMF) where the instances are (math token, token meaning) pairs, grouped by equation; (2) build machine learning models and train them using our labeled dataset, and (3) evaluate and compare the performance of our models using different evaluation metrics. Our results show that machine learning is an effective approach to math-term disambiguation. The accuracy of our models ranges from 70% to 85%. There is potential for considerable improvements once we have much larger labeled datasets with more balanced classes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://github.com/abdouyoussef/math-dlmf-dataset/.

  2. 2.

    https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.CountVectorizer.html.

References

  1. Nithyanandan, S., Raseek, C.: Deep learning models for word sense disambiguation: A comparative study (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Olver, F.W.J., et al. (eds.): NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. https://dlmf.nist.gov/. Release 1.0.20 of 2018-09-1

  3. Youssef, A., Miller, B.R.: Deep learning for math knowledge processing. In: Rabe, F., Farmer, W.M., Passmore, G.O., Youssef, A. (eds.) CICM 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 11006, pp. 271–286. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96812-4_23

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Youssef, A.: Part-of-math tagging and applications. In: Geuvers, H., England, M., Hasan, O., Rabe, F., Teschke, O. (eds.) CICM 2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10383, pp. 356–374. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62075-6_25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Youssef, A., Miller, B.R.: A contextual and labeled math-dataset derived from NIST’s DLMF. In: Benzmüller, C., Miller, B. (eds.) CICM 2020. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12236, pp. 324–330. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53518-6_25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Pal, A.R., Saha, D.: Word sense disambiguation: a survey. arXiv preprint, arXiv: 1508.01346 (2015)

  7. Navigli, R.: Word sense disambiguation: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 41(2), 1–69 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Nameh, M., Fakhrahmad, S., Jahromi, M.Z.: A new approach to word sense disambiguation based on context similarity. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 6–8 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Miller, G.A.: Wordnet: a lexical database for English. Commun. ACM 38(11), 39–41 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Singh, R.L., Ghosh, K., Nongmeikapam, K., Bandyopadhyay, S.: A decision tree based word sense disambiguation system in Manipuri language. Adv. Comput. 5(4), 17 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Faisal, E., Nurifan, F., Sarno, R.: Word sense disambiguation in Bahasa Indonesia using SVM. In: 2018 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication, pp. 239–243. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Miller, G.A., Leacock, C., Tengi, R., Bunker, R.T.: A semantic concordance. In: HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, 21–24 March 1993 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pradhan, S., Loper, E., Dligach, D., Palmer, M.: SemEval-2007 task-17: English lexical sample, SRL and all words. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval 2007), pp. 87–92 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Taghipour, K., Ng, H.T.: One million sense-tagged instances for word sense disambiguation and induction. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pp. 338–344 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 9(8), 1735–1780 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Youssef, A., Miller, B.R.: Explorations into the use of word embedding in math search and math semantics. In: Kaliszyk, C., Brady, E., Kohlhase, A., Sacerdoti Coen, C. (eds.) CICM 2019. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 11617, pp. 291–305. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23250-4_20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Schubotz, M., Greiner-Petter, A., Scharpf, P., Meuschke, N., Cohl, H., Gipp, B.: Improving the representation and conversion of mathematical formulae by considering their textual context. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Scharpf, P., Schubotz, M., Gipp, B.: Fast linking of mathematical Wikidata entities in Wikipedia articles using annotation recommendation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.05111 (2021)

  19. Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C.J., Olshen, R.A.: Classification and Regression Trees. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1984)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1), 5–32 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Boser, B.E., Guyon, I.M., Vapnik, V.N.: A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, pp. 144–152 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruocheng Shan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Shan, R., Youssef, A. (2021). Towards Math Terms Disambiguation Using Machine Learning. In: Kamareddine, F., Sacerdoti Coen, C. (eds) Intelligent Computer Mathematics. CICM 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12833. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81097-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81097-9_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81096-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81097-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics