Skip to main content

Contextualized Knowledge Base Sense Embeddings in Word Sense Disambiguation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021 Workshops (ICDAR 2021)

Abstract

Contextualized sense embedding has been shown to carry useful semantic information to improve the final results of various Natural Language Processing tasks. However, it is still challenging to integrate them with the information of the knowledge base, which is one lack in current state-of-the-art representations. This integration is helpful in NLP tasks, specifically in the lexical ambiguity problem. In this paper, we present C-KASE (Contextualized-Knowledge base Aware Sense Embedding), a novel approach to producing sense embeddings for the lexical meanings within a lexical knowledge base. The novel difference of our representation is the integration of the knowledge base information and the input text. This representation lies in a space that is comparable to that of contextualized word vectors. C-KASE representations enable a simple 1-Nearest-Neighbour algorithm to perform as well as state-of-the-art models in the English Word Sense Disambiguation task. Since this embedding is specified for each individual knowledge base, it also outperforms in other similar tasks, i.e., Wikification and Named Entity Recognition. The results of comparing our method with recent state-of-the-art methods show the efficiency of our method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    A mention can be one or more tokens.

  2. 2.

    http://lcl.uniroma1.it/wsdeval/.

References

  1. Aghaebrahimian, A., Cieliebak, M.: Named entity disambiguation at scale. In: Schilling, F.-P., Stadelmann, T. (eds.) ANNPR 2020. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12294, pp. 102–110. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58309-5_8, https://digitalcollection.zhaw.ch/bitstream/11475/21530/3/2020_Aghaebrahimian-Cieliebak_Named-entity-disambiguation-at-scale.pdf

  2. Agirre, E., de Lacalle, O.L., Soroa, A.: Random walks for knowledge-based word sense disambiguation. Comput. Linguist. 40(1), 57–84 (2014). https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article/40/1/57/145

  3. Aleksandrova, D., Drouin, P., Lareau, F.C.C.O., Venant, A.: The multilingual automatic detection of ’e nonc é s bias ’e s in wikip é dia. ACL (2020). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/R19-1006.pdf

  4. Azad, H.K., Deepak, A.: A new approach for query expansion using wikipedia and wordnet. Inf. Sci. 492, 147–163 (2019). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025519303263

  5. Calvo, H., Rocha-Ramírez, A.P., Moreno-Armendáriz, M.A., Duchanoy, C.A.: Toward universal word sense disambiguation using deep neural networks. IEEE Access 7, 60264–60275 (2019). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8706934

  6. Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: North American Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) (2018). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1423/

  7. Dixit, V., Dutta, K., Singh, P.: Word sense disambiguation and its approaches. CPUH-Res. J. 1(2), 54–58 (2015). http://www.cpuh.in/academics/pdf

  8. Edmonds, P., Cotton, S.: SENSEVAL-2: overview. In: Proceedings of SENSEVAL-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, pp. 1–5. Association for Computational Linguistics, Toulouse, France, July 2001. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1001.pdf

  9. Ferreira, R.S., Pimentel, M.D.G., Cristo, M.: A wikification prediction model based on the combination of latent, dyadic, and monadic features. IST 69(3), 380–394 (2018). https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/asi.23922

  10. Fogarolli, A.: Word sense disambiguation based on wikipedia link structure. In: 2009 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing, pp. 77–82. IEEE (2009). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp

  11. Kwon, S., Oh, D., Ko, Y.: Word sense disambiguation based on context selection using knowledge-based word similarity. Inf. Process. Manag. 58(4), 102551 (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457321000558

  12. Li, B.: Named entity recognition in the style of object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.11122 (2021). https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.11122.pdf

  13. Logeswaran, L., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K., Devlin, J., Lee, H.: Zero-shot entity linking by reading entity descriptions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.07348 (2019). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.07348.pdf

  14. Loureiro, D., Jorge, A.: Language modelling makes sense: propagating representations through wordnet for full-coverage word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy, pp. 5682–5691 (2019). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1569

  15. Martinez-Rodriguez, J.L., Hogan, A., Lopez-Arevalo, I.: Information extraction meets the semantic web: a survey. Semantic Web Preprint, pp. 1–81 (2020). http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/174484/Information-extraction-meets-the-Semantic-Web.pdf?sequence=1

  16. Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In: Proceedings of ICLR, vol. 4, pp. 321–329 (2013). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3781.pdf

  17. Miller, G.A., Beckwith, R., Fellbaum, C., Gross, D., Miller, K.J.: Introduction to wordnet: An on-line lexical database. Int. J. Lexicography 3(4), 235–244 (1990). https://watermark.silverchair.com/235.pdf

  18. Miller, G.A., Leacock, C., Tengi, R., Bunker, R.T.: A semantic concordance. In: Human Language Technology: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, 21–24 March, 1993 (1993). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1061/

  19. Moro, A., Navigli, R.: SemEval-2015 task 13: multilingual all-words sense disambiguation and entity linking. In: SEM, pp. 288–297. Association for Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, June 2015. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2049.pdf

  20. Moro, A., Raganato, A., Navigli, R.: Entity linking meets word sense disambiguation: a unified approach. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 2, 231–244 (2014). https://watermark.silverchair.com/tacl_a_00179.pdf

  21. Navigli, R.: Word sense disambiguation: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 41(2), 1–69 (2009). https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1459352.1459355

  22. Navigli, R., Jurgens, D., Vannella, D.: SemEval-2013 task 12: multilingual word sense disambiguation. In: SEM. Association for Computational Linguistics, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, June 2013. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2040.pdf

  23. Navigli, R., Ponzetto, S.P.: Babelnet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network. Artif. Intell. 193, 217–250 (2012). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370212000793

  24. Nguyen, D.B., Hoffart, J., Theobald, M., Weikum, G.: Aida-light: high-throughput named-entity disambiguation. LDOW 14, 22–32 (2014). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1184/ldow2014_paper_03.pdf

  25. Pasini, T., Elia, F.M., Navigli, R.: Huge automatically extracted training sets for multilingual word sense disambiguation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.04685 (2018). https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04685

  26. Pennington, J., Socher, R., Manning, C.D.: Glove: global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1532–1543. EMNLP, Qatar (2014). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D14-1162.pdf

  27. Peters, M., et al.: Deep contextualized word representations. Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 2227–2237 (2018). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1202

  28. Peters, M.E., Logan IV, R.L., Schwartz, R., Joshi, V., Singh, S., Smith, N.A.: Knowledge enhanced contextual word representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.04164 (2019). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.04164.pdf

  29. Peters, M.E., Neumann, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Yih, W.T.: Dissecting contextual word embeddings: architecture and representation. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1499–1509 (2018). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1179/

  30. Pilehvar, M.T., Jurgens, D., Navigli, R.: Align, disambiguate and walk: a unified approach for measuring semantic similarity. In: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 1341–1351 (2013). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1132.pdf

  31. Pradhan, S., Loper, E., Dligach, D., Palmer, M.: SemEval-2007 task-17: English lexical sample, SRL and all words. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007), pp. 87–92. Association for Computational Linguistics, Prague, Czech Republic, June 2007. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1016

  32. Raganato, A., Bovi, C.D., Navigli, R.: Automatic construction and evaluation of a large semantically enriched wikipedia. In: IJCAI, pp. 2894–2900 (2016). http://wwwusers.di.uniroma1.it/~navigli/pubs/IJCAI_2016_Raganatoetal.pdf

  33. Raganato, A., Camacho-Collados, J., Navigli, R.: Word sense disambiguation: a unified evaluation framework and empirical comparison. In: Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers, pp. 99–110 (2017). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1010/

  34. Reisinger, J., Mooney, R.: Multi-prototype vector-space models of word meaning. In: Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 109–117 (2010). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N10-1013.pdf

  35. Saeidi, M., da Sousa, S.B.S., Milios, E., Zeh, N., Berton, L.: Categorizing online harassment on twitter. In: Cellier, P., Driessens, K. (eds.) ECML PKDD 2019. CCIS, vol. 1168, pp. 283–297. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43887-6_22, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43887-6_22

  36. Scarlini, B., Pasini, T., Navigli, R.: Sensembert: context-enhanced sense embeddings for multilingual word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 34, pp. 8758–8765 (2020). https://ojs.aaai.org//index.php/AAAI/article/view/6402

  37. Scarlini, B., Pasini, T., Navigli, R.: With more contexts comes better performance: contextualized sense embeddings for all-round word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 3528–3539 (2020). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.emnlp-main.285/

  38. Snyder, B., Palmer, M.: The English all-words task. In: Proceedings of SENSEVAL-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, pp. 41–43. Association for Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain, July 2004. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0811

  39. Wang, A., et al.: Superglue: a stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00537 (2019)

  40. Wang, Y., Wang, M., Fujita, H.: Word sense disambiguation: a comprehensive knowledge exploitation framework. Knowl. Based Syst. 43, 105–117 (2019). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705119304344

  41. Weikum, G., Dong, L., Razniewski, S., Suchanek, F.: Machine knowledge: creation and curation of comprehensive knowledge bases. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.11564 (2020). https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.11564.pdf

  42. West, R., Paranjape, A., Leskovec, J.: Mining missing hyperlinks from human navigation traces: a case study of wikipedia. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1242–1252 (2015). https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2736277.2741666

  43. Yang, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Carbonell, J., Salakhutdinov, R.R., Le, Q.V.: Xlnet: generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding. Curran Associates, Inc., vol. 32, pp. 221–229 (2019). https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2019/file/dc6a7e655d7e5840e66733e9ee67cc69-Paper.pdf

  44. Zhao, G., Wu, J., Wang, D., Li, T.: Entity disambiguation to wikipedia using collective ranking. Inf. Process. Manag. 52(6), 1247–1257 (2016). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457316301893

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mozhgan Saeidi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Saeidi, M., Milios, E., Zeh, N. (2021). Contextualized Knowledge Base Sense Embeddings in Word Sense Disambiguation. In: Barney Smith, E.H., Pal, U. (eds) Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021 Workshops. ICDAR 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12917. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86159-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86159-9_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86158-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86159-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics