Abstract
Modern transformer-based neural architectures yield impressive results in nearly every NLP task and Word Sense Disambiguation, the problem of discerning the correct sense of a word in a given context, is no exception. State-of-the-art approaches in WSD today leverage lexical information along with pre-trained embeddings from these models to achieve results comparable to human inter-annotator agreement on standard evaluation benchmarks. In the same vein, we experiment with several strategies to optimize bi-encoders for this specific task and propose alternative methods of presenting lexical information to our model. Through our multi-stage pre-training and fine-tuning pipeline we further the state of the art in Word Sense Disambiguation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Basile, P., Caputo, A., Semeraro, G.: An enhanced Lesk word sense disambiguation algorithm through a distributional semantic model. In: Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 1591–1600. Dublin City University and Association for Computational Linguistics, August 2014. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C14-1151
Bevilacqua, M., Navigli, R.: Breaking through the 80% glass ceiling: raising the state of the art in word sense disambiguation by incorporating knowledge graph information. In: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 2854–2864. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.255. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.255
Bowman, S.R., Angeli, G., Potts, C., Manning, C.D.: A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics (2015)
Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Minneapolis, Minnesota, vol. 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 4171–4186. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2019. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N19-1423. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1423
Edmonds, P., Cotton, S.: SENSEVAL-2: overview. In: Proceedings of SENSEVAL-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, Toulouse, France, pp. 1–5. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2001. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S01-1001
Hadsell, R., Chopra, S., LeCun, Y.: Dimensionality reduction by learning an invariant mapping. In: 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2006), vol. 2, pp. 1735–1742 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2006.100
Huang, L., Sun, C., Qiu, X., Huang, X.: Glossbert: bert for word sense disambiguation with gloss knowledge. arXiv abs/1908.07245 (2019)
Humeau, S., Shuster, K., Lachaux, M.A., Weston, J.: Poly-encoders: architectures and pre-training strategies for fast and accurate multi-sentence scoring. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2020). https://openreview.net/forum?id=SkxgnnNFvH
Iacobacci, I., Pilehvar, M.T., Navigli, R.: Embeddings for word sense disambiguation: an evaluation study. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (vol. 1: Long Papers), Berlin, Germany, pp. 897–907. Association for Computational Linguistics, August 2016. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P16-1085. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P16-1085
Johnson, J., Douze, M., Jégou, H.: Billion-scale similarity search with GPUs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08734 (2017)
Kågebäck, M., Salomonsson, H.: Word sense disambiguation using a bidirectional LSTM. In: Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon (CogALex - V), Osaka, Japan, pp. 51–56. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, December 2016. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5307
Kohli, H.: Transfer learning and augmentation for word sense disambiguation. In: Hiemstra, D., Moens, M.-F., Mothe, J., Perego, R., Potthast, M., Sebastiani, F. (eds.) ECIR 2021. LNCS, vol. 12657, pp. 303–311. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72240-1_29
Lesk, M.E.: Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries: how to tell a pine cone from an ice cream cone. In: SIGDOC 1986 (1986)
Liu, X., He, P., Chen, W., Gao, J.: Multi-task deep neural networks for natural language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy, pp. 4487–4496. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2019. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1441
Liu, Y., et al.: Roberta: a robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach. CoRR abs/1907.11692 (2019). http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11692
Loshchilov, I., Hutter, F.: Decoupled weight decay regularization. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2019). https://openreview.net/forum?id=Bkg6RiCqY7
Luo, F., Liu, T., He, Z., Xia, Q., Sui, Z., Chang, B.: Leveraging gloss knowledge in neural word sense disambiguation by hierarchical co-attention. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 1402–1411. Association for Computational Linguistics, Ocobert-November 2018. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D18-1170. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1170
Luo, F., Liu, T., Xia, Q., Chang, B., Sui, Z.: Incorporating glosses into neural word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (vol. 1: Long Papers), Melbourne, Australia, pp. 2473–2482. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2018. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P18-1230. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1230
Miller, G.A.: Wordnet: a lexical database for English. Commun. ACM 38(11), 39–41 (1995)
Miller, G.A., Leacock, C., Tengi, R., Bunker, R.T.: A semantic concordance. In: Human Language Technology: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, 21–24 March 1993 (1993). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/H93-1061
Moro, A., Raganato, A., Navigli, R.: Entity linking meets word sense disambiguation: a unified approach. Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 2, 231–244 (2014)
Moro, A., Navigli, R.: SemEval-2015 task 13: multilingual all-words sense disambiguation and entity linking. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2015), Denver, Colorado, pp. 288–297. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2015. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/S15-2049. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S15-2049
Navigli, R., Jurgens, D., Vannella, D.: SemEval-2013 task 12: multilingual word sense disambiguation. In: Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM), vol. 2: Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2013), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp. 222–231. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2013. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S13-2040
Pradhan, S., Loper, E., Dligach, D., Palmer, M.: SemEval-2007 task-17: English lexical sample, SRL and all words. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007), Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 87–92. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2007. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S07-1016
Raganato, A., Camacho-Collados, J., Navigli, R.: Word sense disambiguation: a unified evaluation framework and empirical comparison. In: Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: vol. 1, Long Papers, Valencia, Spain, pp. 99–110. Association for Computational Linguistics, April 2017. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-1010
Raganato, A., Delli Bovi, C., Navigli, R.: Neural sequence learning models for word sense disambiguation. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1156–1167. Association for Computational Linguistics, September 2017. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D17-1120. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1120
Reimers, N., Gurevych, I.: Sentence-bert: sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics (2019). https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084
Schroff, F., Kalenichenko, D., Philbin, J.: Facenet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In: 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 815–823 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298682
Snyder, B., Palmer, M.: The English all-words task. In: Proceedings of SENSEVAL-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 41–43. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2004. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W04-0811
Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need (2017)
Vial, L., Lecouteux, B., Schwab, D.: Sense vocabulary compression through the semantic knowledge of wordnet for neural word sense disambiguation. CoRR abs/1905.05677 (2019). http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05677
Wang, A., Singh, A., Michael, J., Hill, F., Levy, O., Bowman, S.: GLUE: a multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 353–355. Association for Computational Linguistics, November 2018. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-5446. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5446
Williams, A., Nangia, N., Bowman, S.: A broad-coverage challenge corpus for sentence understanding through inference. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, vol. 1 (Long Papers), pp. 1112–1122. Association for Computational Linguistics (2018). http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1101
Zhong, Z., Ng, H.T.: It makes sense: a wide-coverage word sense disambiguation system for free text. In: Proceedings of the ACL 2010 System Demonstrations, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 78–83. Association for Computational Linguistics, July 2010. https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P10-4014
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kohli, H. (2021). Training Bi-Encoders for Word Sense Disambiguation. In: Lladós, J., Lopresti, D., Uchida, S. (eds) Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021. ICDAR 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12822. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86331-9_53
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86331-9_53
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86330-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86331-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)