Abstract
The similarity and homogeneous visual appearance of male and female handwriting make gender detection from off-line handwritten document images a challenging research problem. In this paper, an effective method based on spatial pyramid matching is proposed for gender detection from handwritten document images. In the proposed method, the input handwritten document image is progressively divided into several sub-regions from coarse to fine levels. The weighted histograms of the sub-regions are then calculated. This process is resulting in a spatial pyramid feature set which is an extension of the orderless bag-of-features image representation. Classical classifiers, such as Support Vector Machines and ensemble classifiers, are considered for determining the gender (male and female) of individuals from their handwriting. Experiments were conducted on two benchmarks, QUWI and MSHD datasets, and the proposed method provided a promising improvement in gender detection accuracies, especially in script-dependent scenarios, compared with the results reported in the literature.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmed, M., Rasool, A.G., Afzal, H., Siddiqi, I.: Improving handwriting based gender classification using ensemble classifiers. Expert Syst. Appl. 85, 158–168 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.05.033
Gattal, A., Djeddi, C., Bensefia, A., Ennaji, A.: Handwriting based gender classification using COLD and hinge features. In: El Moataz, A., Mammass, D., Mansouri, A., Nouboud, F. (eds.) ICISP 2020. LNCS, vol. 12119, pp. 233–242. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51935-3_25
Gattal, A., Djeddi, C., Siddiqi, I., Chibani, Y.: Gender classification from offline multi-script handwriting images using oriented Basic Image Features (oBIFs). Expert Syst. Appl. 99, 155–167 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.01.038
Topaloglu, M., Ekmekci, S.: Gender detection and identifying one’s handwriting with handwriting analysis. Expert Syst. Appl. 79, 236–243 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.03.001
Mirza, A., Moetesum, M., Siddiqi, I., Djeddi, C.: Gender classification from offline handwriting images using textural features. In: Proceedings of the ICFHR, pp. 395–398 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFHR.2016.0080
Akbari, Y., Nouri, K., Sadri, J., Djeddi, C., Siddiqi, I.: Wavelet-based gender detection on off-line handwritten documents using probabilistic finite state automata. Image Vis. Comput. 59, 17–30 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2016.11.017
Maken, P., Gupta, A.: A method for automatic classification of gender based on text- independent handwriting. Multimed. Tools Appl. 80(16), 24573–24602 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10837-9
Al Maadeed, S., Hassaine, A.: Automatic prediction of age, gender, and nationality in offline handwriting. EURASIP J. Image Video Process. 2014(1), 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-5281-2014-10
Siddiqi, I., Djeddi, C., Raza, A., Souici-meslati, L.: Automatic analysis of handwriting for gender classification. Pattern Anal. Appl. 18(4), 887–899 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-014-0371-0
Hannad, Y., Siddiqi, I., Kettani, M.E.Y.: Writer identification using texture descriptors of handwritten fragments. Expert Syst. Appl. 47, 14–22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.11.002
Illouz, E., (Omid) David, E., Netanyahu, N.S.: Handwriting-based gender classification using end-to-end deep neural networks. In: Kůrková, V., Manolopoulos, Y., Hammer, B., Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I. (eds.) ICANN 2018. LNCS, vol. 11141, pp. 613–621. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01424-7_60
Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C., Ponce, J.: Beyond bags of features: spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories. In: Proceedings of the CVPR, vol. 2, pp. 2169–2178 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2006.68
Lowe, D.G.: Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In: Proceedings of the ICCV, vol. 2, pp. 1150–1157 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.1999.790410
Zhou, L., Zhou, Z., Hu, D.: Scene classification using a multi-resolution bag-of-features model. Pattern Recogn. 46(1), 424–433 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2012.07.017
Caicedo, J.C., Cruz, A., Gonzalez, F.A.: Histopathology image classification using bag of features and kernel functions. In: Combi, C., Shahar, Y., Abu-Hanna, A. (eds.) AIME 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5651, pp. 126–135. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02976-9_17
Yuan, X., Yu, J., Qin, Z., Wan, T.: A SIFT-LBP image retrieval model based on bag-of-features. In: Proceedings of the ICIP, pp. 1061–1064 (2011)
Yang, J., Yu, K., Gong, Y., Huang, T.: Linear spatial pyramid matching using sparse coding for image classification. In: Proceedings of the CVPR, pp. 1794–1801 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206757
Grauman, K., Darrell, T.: The pyramid match kernel: efficient learning with sets of features. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 8, 725–760 (2007)
Swain, M., Ballard, D.: Color indexing. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 7, 11–32 (2004)
Cortes, C., Vapnik, V.: Support-vector networks. Mach. Learn. 20(3), 273–297 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018
Eibl, G., Pfeiffer, K.P.: How to make AdaBoost.M1 work for weak base classifiers by changing only one line of the code. In: Elomaa, T., Mannila, H., Toivonen, H. (eds.) ECML 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2430, pp. 72–83. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36755-1_7
Ho, T.K., Hull, J.J., Srihari, S.N.: Decision combination in multiple classifier systems. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16(1), 66–75 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1109/34.273716
Woods, K., Bowyer, K., Kegelmeyer, W.P.: Combination of multiple classifiers using local accuracy estimates. In: Proceedings of the CVPR, pp. 391–396 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.1996.517102
Freund, Y., Schapire, R.E.: A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55(1), 119–139 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1006/jcss.1997.1504
Djeddi, C., Gattal, A., Souici-Meslati, L., Siddiqi, I., Chibani, Y., Abed, H.E.: LAMIS-MSHD: a multi-script offline handwriting database. In: Proceedings of the ICFHR, pp. 93–97 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFHR.2014.23
Al Maadeed, S., Ayouby, W., Hassaïne, A., Aljaam, J.M.: QUWI: an Arabic and English handwriting dataset for offline writer identification. In: Proceedings of the ICFHR, pp. 746–751 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFHR.2012.256
Djeddi, C., Al Maadeed, S., Gattal, A., Siddiqi, I., Souici-Meslati, L., Abed, H.E.: ICDAR2015 competition on multi-script writer identification and gender classification using ‘QUWI’ database. In: Proceedings of the ICDAR, pp. 1191–1195 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.2015.7333949
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Alaei, F., Alaei, A. (2021). Gender Detection Based on Spatial Pyramid Matching. In: Lladós, J., Lopresti, D., Uchida, S. (eds) Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2021. ICDAR 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12824. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86337-1_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86337-1_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86336-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86337-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)