Abstract
Localization for outdoor mobile robots is crucial to accomplish complex tasks in difficult environments. One of the examples is an autonomous mower operating in various lawns placed in parks, airports, home gardens and many more. To ensure all navigation algorithms’ requirements are met, first accurate estimation of current position and orientation needs to be found. Scientists proposed many approaches using encoders, RADARs, LIDARs or vision/depth cameras. However, this is the first attempt to investigate odometry performance for autonomous lawn mowing using RGB-D cameras. The contribution is twofold. First, several odometry algorithms in autonomous mower environments were examined in terms of localization accuracy and execution time. Secondly, a new dataset was collected containing sequences from a city park and home lawn. The dataset contains aligned color and depth images. This study aimed to extend knowledge about RGB-D odometry and analyze how RGB-D cameras may be used in agricultural robots, where the environment is often an open space without many feature points or distinctive objects used in the odometry algorithms.
This work was supported by The National Centre for Research and Development [grant number POIR.01.01.01-00-1069/18].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aguiar, A.S., dos Santos, F.N., Cunha, J.B., Sobreira, H., Sousa, A.J.: Localization and mapping for robots in agriculture and forestry: a survey. Robotics 9(4), 97 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9040097
Bishop, G., Welch, G., et al.: An introduction to the Kalman filter. Proc. SIGGRAPH, Course 8(27599–23175), 41 (2001)
Bradski, G.: The openCV library. Dr. Dobb’s J. Softw. Tools 25(11), 120–123 (2000)
Cho, B.S., sung Moon, W., Seo, W.J., Baek, K.R.: A dead reckoning localization system for mobile robots using inertial sensors and wheel revolution encoding. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 25(11), 2907–2917 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0805-1, http://www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x
Geiger, A., Lenz, P., Urtasun, R.: Are we ready for autonomous driving? the KITTI vision benchmark suite. In: 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE June 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074
Howard, A.: Real-time stereo visual odometry for autonomous ground vehicles. In: 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 3946–3952 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2008.4651147
Jurišica, L., Duchoň, F., Kaštan, D., Babinec, A.: High precision GNSS guidance for field mobile robots. Int. J. Adv. Rob. Syst. 9(5), 169 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5772/52554
Keselman, L., Woodfill, J.I., Grunnet-Jepsen, A., Bhowmik, A.: Intel(R) realsense(TM) stereoscopic depth cameras. In: 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 1267–1276 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2017.167
Lingemann, K., Nüchter, A., Hertzberg, J., Surmann, H.: High-speed laser localization for mobile robots. Robo. Auton. Syst. 51(4), 275–296 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2005.02.004, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921889005000254
Newcombe, R.A., et al.: Kinectfusion: real-time dense surface mapping and tracking. In: 2011 10th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, pp. 127–136 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR.2011.6092378
Nister, D., Naroditsky, O., Bergen, J.: Visual odometry. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2004, vol. 1, pp. I-I (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2004.1315094
Nizette, B., Tridgell, A., Yu, C.: Low-cost differential GPS for field robotics. In: 2014 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, pp. 1521–1526 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/AIM.2014.6878299
Scaramuzza, D., Fraundorfer, F.: Visual odometry [tutorial]. IEEE Rob. Autom. Mag. 18(4), 80–92 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2011.943233
Silva, Bruno M. F.., Gonçalves, Luiz M. G..: Visual odometry and mapping for indoor environments using RGB-D cameras. In: Osório, Fernando S.., Wolf, Denis Fernando, Castelo Branco, Kalinka, Grassi, Valdir, Becker, Marcelo, Romero, Roseli A. Francelin. (eds.) LARS/Robocontrol/SBR -2014. CCIS, vol. 507, pp. 16–31. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48134-9_2
Steinbrücker, F., Sturm, J., Cremers, D.: Real-time visual odometry from dense RGB-D images. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), pp. 719–722 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVW.2011.6130321
Strack, Andreas, Ferrein, Alexander, Lakemeyer, Gerhard: Laser-based localization with sparse landmarks. In: Bredenfeld, Ansgar, Jacoff, Adam, Noda, Itsuki, Takahashi, Yasutake (eds.) RoboCup 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4020, pp. 569–576. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11780519_55
Szrek, J., Trybała, P., Góralczyk, M., Michalak, A., Ziȩtek, B., Zimroz, R.: Accuracy evaluation of selected mobile inspection robot localization techniques in a GNSS-denied environment. Sensors 21(1), 141 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010141
Wang, S., Clark, R., Wen, H., Trigoni, N.: Deepvo: towards end-to-end visual odometry with deep recurrent convolutional neural networks. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 2043–2050 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2017.7989236
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ochman, M., Skoczeń, M., Krata, D., Panek, M., Spyra, K., Pawłowski, A. (2021). RGB-D Odometry for Autonomous Lawn Mowing. In: Rutkowski, L., Scherer, R., Korytkowski, M., Pedrycz, W., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zurada, J.M. (eds) Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing. ICAISC 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12855. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87897-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87897-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87896-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87897-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)