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Secure Random Sampling in Differential Privacy

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Computer Security – ESORICS 2021 (ESORICS 2021)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNSC,volume 12973))

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Abstract

Differential privacy is among the most prominent techniques for preserving privacy of sensitive data, oweing to its robust mathematical guarantees and general applicability to a vast array of computations on data, including statistical analysis and machine learning. Previous work demonstrated that concrete implementations of differential privacy mechanisms are vulnerable to statistical attacks. This vulnerability is caused by the approximation of real values to floating point numbers. This paper presents a practical solution to the finite-precision floating point vulnerability, where the inverse transform sampling of the Laplace distribution can itself be inverted, thus enabling an attack where the original value can be retrieved with non-negligible advantage.

The proposed solution has the advantages of being (i) mathematically sound, (ii) generalisable to any infinitely divisible probability distribution, and (iii) of simple implementation in modern architectures. Finally, the solution has been designed to make side channel attack infeasible, because of inherently exponential, in the size of the domain, brute force attacks.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ANSI/IEEE Std 754–2019 http://754r.ucbtest.org.

  2. 2.

    Since \(\cos (\theta ) + \sin (\theta ) = \sqrt{2} \cos \left( \theta - \frac{\pi }{4}\right) \).

  3. 3.

    We need only use n samples for sampling procedures that do not share uniform variates between executions, for example the normalvariate method in Python’s random library, which uses the Kinderman-Monahan sampling procedure [19].

  4. 4.

    https://github.com/IBM/differential-privacy-library/tree/main/diffprivlib/mechanisms.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank David Malone (Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University) for useful discussions at the beginning of this project.

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Correspondence to Stefano Braghin .

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Appendices

Appendix

A Probability Density Functions

The following probability distributions are referenced in Sect. 4.

1.1 A.1 Uniform Distribution

The uniform distribution on the interval \([a, b] \subset \mathbb {R}\), \(-\infty< a< b < \infty \), is given by the Probability Density Function (PDF)

$$f_{\mathcal {U}(a, b)}(x) = {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \frac{1}{b-a} &{} \text {if } x \in [a, b],\\ 0 &{} \text {otherwise}. \end{array}\right. }$$

We make use of the uniform distribution \(\mathcal {U}(0, 1)\) on the unit interval [0, 1].

1.2 A.2 Gaussian Distribution

The Gaussian distribution with mean \(\mu \) and variance \(\sigma ^2\) is given by the PDF

$$f_{\mathcal {N}(\mu , \sigma )}(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi }} e^{-\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{x-\mu }{\sigma }\right) ^2}.$$

We refer to the case when \(\mu = 0\) and \(\sigma = 1\) as the standard Gaussian distribution. If \(N \sim \mathcal {N}(0, 1)\), then \(\sigma N + \mu \sim \mathcal {N}(\mu , \sigma )\).

1.3 A.3 Laplace Distribution

The Laplace distribution with mean \(\mu \) and variance \(2b^2\) is given by the PDF

$$f_{\mathrm {Lap}(\mu , b)}(x) = \frac{1}{2b} e^{-\frac{|x - \mu |}{b}}.$$

We refer to the case when \(\mu = 0\) and \(b = 1\) as the standard Laplace distribution. If \(L \sim \mathrm {Lap}(0, 1)\), then \(b L + \mu \sim \mathrm {Lap}(\mu , b)\).

1.4 A.4 Exponential Distribution

The exponential distribution with mean \(\frac{1}{\lambda }\) and variance \(\frac{1}{\lambda ^2}\) is given by the PDF

$$f_{\mathrm {Exp}(\lambda )}(x) = \lambda e^{-\lambda x}.$$

We refer to the case when \(\lambda = 1\) as the standard exponential distribution. If \(E \sim \mathrm {Exp}(1)\), then \(\frac{E}{\lambda } \sim \mathrm {Exp}(\lambda )\).

1.5 A.5 Gamma Distribution

The gamma distribution with mean \(k \theta \) and variance \(k \theta ^2\) is given by the PDF

$$f_{\varGamma (k, \theta )}(x) = \frac{1}{\varGamma (k) \theta ^k} x^{k-1} e^{-\frac{x}{\theta }}.$$

If \(G \sim \varGamma (k, \theta )\), then \(c G \sim \varGamma (k, c \theta )\) for any \(c > 0\).

1.6 A.6 Chi-Squared Distribution

The chi-squared distribution with \(k \in \mathbb {N}\) degrees of freedom is given by the PDF

$$f_{\chi ^2(k)}(x) = \frac{1}{2 ^{\frac{k}{2}} \varGamma \left( \frac{k}{2}\right) } x^{\frac{k}{2} - 1} e^{-\frac{x}{2}}.$$

B Code Samples

The following code samples were used in estimating execution time for different implementations. This code was run using Python 3.8.6.

1.1 B.1 Naïve Sampling

The naïve standard Laplace sampling given by (2) was implemented using:

figure f

1.2 B.2 Theorem 1 Sampling

The implementation of Theorem 1 was given by:

figure g

1.3 B.3 Sampling with math and random

We combine the Gaussian and Laplace sampling procedures from (7) and (2) to generate standard Laplace samples from 8n uniform variates using the math and random libraries as follows:

figure h

1.4 B.4 Sampling with Numpy

Finally, we present an implementation of the same procedure using the popular Numpy package, leveraging its C-based code for faster computations with larger n:

figure i

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Holohan, N., Braghin, S. (2021). Secure Random Sampling in Differential Privacy. In: Bertino, E., Shulman, H., Waidner, M. (eds) Computer Security – ESORICS 2021. ESORICS 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12973. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88428-4_26

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