Skip to main content

Automatic Watermeter Reading in Presence of Highly Deformed Digits

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns (CAIP 2021)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNIP,volume 13053))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 823 Accesses

Abstract

The task we face in this paper is to automate the reading of watermeters as can be found in large apartment houses. Typically water passes through such watermeters, so that one faces a wide range of challenges caused by water as the medium where the digits are positioned. One of the main obstacles is given by the frequently produced bubbles inside the watermeter that deform the digits. To overcome this problem, we propose the construction of a novel data set that resembles the watermeter digits with a focus on their deformations by bubbles. We report on promising experimental recognition results, based on a deep and recurrent network architecture performed on our data set.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Graves, A., Fernández, S., Gomez, F.: Connectionist temporal classification: labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 369–376 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ali, S., Sakhawat, Z., Mahmood, T., Aslam, M.S., Shaukat, Z., Sahiba, S.: A robust CNN model for handwritten digits recognition and classification. In: IEEE International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering and Computer Applications, pp. 261–265 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Graves, A., Mohamed, A., Hinton, G.: Speech Recognition with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks. arXiv:1303.5778 (2013)

  4. Gao, Y., Zhao, C., Wang, J., Lu, H.: Automatic watermeter digit recognition on mobile devices. In: Huet, B., Nie, L., Hong, R. (eds.) ICIMCS 2017. CCIS, vol. 819, pp. 87–95. Springer, Singapore (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8530-7_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J.: Long short-term memory. Neural Comput., 1735–1780 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  6. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 770–778 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Liwicki, M., Graves, A., Fernández, S., Bunke, H., Schmidhuber, J.: A novel approach to on-line handwriting recognition based on bidirectional long short-term memory networks. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1–5 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kayumov, Z., Tumakov, D., Mosin, S.: Combined convolutional and perceptron neural networks for handwritten digits recognition. In: 22th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing and its Applications, pp. 1–5 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hwang, K., Wonyong Sung, W.: Character-level incremental speech recognition with recurrent neural networks. arXiv:1601.06581 (2016)

  10. Ning Wang, N., Yuanyuan W., Er, M.J.: Review on deep learning techniques for marine object recognition: architectures and algorithms. Control Eng. Pract. (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Liu, Y., Han, Y., Zhang, Y.: Image type water meter character recognition based on embedded DSP. arXiv:1508.06725 (2015)

  12. Ioffe, S., Szegedy, C.: Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. arXiv:1502.03167 (2015)

  13. LeCun, Y., Cortes, C., Burges, C.: MNIST handwritten digit database. http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/

  14. Lei, Z., Zhao, S., Song, H., Shen, J.: Scene text recognition using residual convolutional recurrent neural network. Mach. Vis. Appl. 29(5), 861–871 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-018-0942-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Liao, S., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Su, S.: Reading digital numbers of water meter with deep learning based object detector. Pattern Recogn. Comput. Vis., 38–49 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Moniruzzaman, M., Islam, S.M.S., Bennamoun, M., Lavery, P.: Deep learning on underwater marine object detection: a survey. In: Blanc-Talon, J., Penne, R., Philips, W., Popescu, D., Scheunders, P. (eds.) ACIVS 2017. LNCS, vol. 10617, pp. 150–160. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70353-4_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Rodriguez-Serrano, J.A., Perronnin, F., Meylan, F.: Label embedding for text recognition. In: Proceedings British Machine Vision Conference, pp. 5.1–5.12 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shi, B., Bai, X., Yao, C.: An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 39(11), 2298–2304 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Suresh, M., Muthukumar, U., Chandapillai, J.: A novel smart water-meter based on IoT and smartphone app for city distribution management. In: 2017 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), pp. 1–5 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Xiao-ping, R., Xian-feng, S.: A character recognition algorithm adapt to a specific kind of water meter. In: World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 632–636 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ye, Q., Doermann, D.: Text detection and recognition in imagery: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yang, F., Jin, L., Lai, S., Gao, X., Li, Z.: Fully convolutional sequence recognition network for water meter number reading. IEEE Access 7, 11679–11687 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Yi, L., Ni, H., Wen Z., Liu B., Tao J.: CTC regularized model adaptation for improving LSTM RNN based multi-accent Mandarin speech recognition. In: 10th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing, pp. 1–5 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Zeiler, M.D.: ADADELTA: an adaptive learning rate method. arXiv:1212.5701 (2012)

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank Meine-Energie GmbH and the financial support from Zentrale Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand (ZIM) over Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen (AiF).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashkan Mansouri Yarahmadi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Yarahmadi, A.M., Breuß, M. (2021). Automatic Watermeter Reading in Presence of Highly Deformed Digits. In: Tsapatsoulis, N., Panayides, A., Theocharides, T., Lanitis, A., Pattichis, C., Vento, M. (eds) Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns. CAIP 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13053. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89131-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89131-2_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-89130-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-89131-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics