Skip to main content

Multi-agent Epistemic Planning with Inconsistent Beliefs, Trust and Lies

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
PRICAI 2021: Trends in Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI 2021)

Abstract

Developing autonomous agents that can reason about the perspective of their (human or artificial) peers is paramount to realistically model a variety of real-world domains. Being aware of the state of mind of others is a key aspect in different fields—e.g.,  legal reasoning, business negotiations, ethical AI and explainable AI. In particular, in the area of Multi-Agent Epistemic Planning (MEP), agents must reach their goals by taking into account the knowledge and beliefs of other agents. Although the literature offers an ample spectrum of approaches for planning in this scenario, they often come with limitations. This paper expands previous formalization of MEP to enable representing and reasoning in presence of inconsistent beliefs of agents, trust relations and lies. The paper explores the syntax and semantics of the extended MEP framework, along with an implementation of the framework in the solver Epistemic Forward Planner (EFP). The paper reports formal properties about the newly introduced epistemic states update that have been also empirically tested via an actual implementation of the solver.

Partially supported by Indam GNCS grants, by Uniud PRID ENCASE and by NSF grants 1914635 and 1833630.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Allen, M., Zilberstein, S.: Complexity of decentralized control: Special cases. In: 23rd Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2009, 7–10 December, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp. 19–27. Curran Associates, Inc. (2009), https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2009/hash/fec8d47d412bcbeece3d9128ae855a7a-Abstract.html

  2. Baltag, A., Smets, S.: A qualitative theory of dynamic interactive belief revision. Logic Found. Game Decis. Theor. (LOFT 7) 3, 9–58 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Baral, C., Gelfond, G., Pontelli, E., Son, T.C.: An action language for multi-agent domains: Foundations. CoRR abs/1511.01960 (2015). arXiv:1511.01960

  4. Bolander, T., Andersen, M.B.: Epistemic planning for single-and multi-agent systems. J. Appl. Non-Class. Logics 21(1), 9–34 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R.: Principles of trust for mas: cognitive anatomy, social importance, and quantification. In: Proceedings International Conference on Multi Agent Systems (Cat. No. 98EX160), pp. 72–79. IEEE (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  6. De Weerdt, M., Clement, B.: Introduction to planning in multiagent systems. Multiagent Grid Syst. 5(4), 345–355 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3233/MGS-2009-0133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Dovier, A., Formisano, A., Pontelli, E.: Autonomous agents coordination: action languages meet CLP() and Linda. Theor. Pract. Logic Program. 13(2), 149–173 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(00)00031-X

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Durfee, E.H.: Distributed problem solving and planning. In: Luck, M., Mařík, V., Štěpánková, O., Trappl, R. (eds.) ACAI 2001. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2086, pp. 118–149. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47745-4_6

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Fabiano, F., Burigana, A., Dovier, A., Pontelli, E.: EFP 2.0: a multi-agent epistemic solver with multiple e-state representations. In: Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, Nancy, France, 26–30 October 2020, pp. 101–109. AAAI Press (2020). https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/ICAPS/article/view/6650

  10. Fabiano, F., Riouak, I., Dovier, A., Pontelli, E.: Non-well-founded set based multi-agent epistemic action language. In: Proceedings of the 34th Italian Conference on Computational Logic, Trieste, Italy, 19–21 June 2019. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2396, pp. 242–259. CEUR-WS.org (2019). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2396/paper38.pdf

  11. Fagin, R., Halpern, J.Y.: Reasoning about knowledge and probability. J. ACM (JACM) 41(2), 340–367 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1145/174652.174658

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Gärdenfors, P., Makinson, D.: Revisions of knowledge systems using epistemic entrenchment. In: Vardi, M.Y. (ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, March 1988, pp. 83–95. Morgan Kaufmann (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gerbrandy, J., Groeneveld, W.: Reasoning about information change. J. Logic Lang. Inf. 6(2), 147–169 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008222603071

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Herzig, A., Lang, J., Marquis, P.: Action progression and revision in multiagent belief structures. In: Sixth Workshop on Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Action, and Change (NRAC 2005), Citeseer (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Herzig, A., Lorini, E., Hübner, J.F., Vercouter, L.: A logic of trust and reputation. Logic J. IGPL 18(1), 214–244 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Kripke, S.A.: Semantical analysis of modal logic i normal modal propositional calculi. Math. Logic Q. 9(5–6), 67–96 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1002/malq.19630090502

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Le, T., Fabiano, F., Son, T.C., Pontelli, E.: EFP and PG-EFP: epistemic forward search planners in multi-agent domains. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, pp. 161–170. AAAI Press, Delft, The Netherlands (24–29 June 2018). https://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICAPS/ICAPS18/paper/view/17733

  18. Lipovetzky, N., Geffner, H.: Best-first width search: exploration and exploitation in classical planning. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 3590–3596, San Francisco, California, USA (4–9 February 2017). http://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI17/paper/view/14862

  19. Muise, C.J., et al.: Planning over multi-agent epistemic states: a classical planning approach. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 25–30 January 2015, Austin, Texas, USA, pp. 3327–3334. AAAI Press (2015). http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI15/paper/view/9974

  20. Rodenhäuser, L.B., et al.: A matter of trust: Dynamic attitudes in epistemic logic. Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host] (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Van Ditmarsch, H., van Der Hoek, W., Kooi, B.: Dynamic Epistemic Logic, vol. 337. Springer, Netherlands (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5839-4

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesco Fabiano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Fabiano, F., Burigana, A., Dovier, A., Pontelli, E., Son, T.C. (2021). Multi-agent Epistemic Planning with Inconsistent Beliefs, Trust and Lies. In: Pham, D.N., Theeramunkong, T., Governatori, G., Liu, F. (eds) PRICAI 2021: Trends in Artificial Intelligence. PRICAI 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13031. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89188-6_44

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89188-6_44

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-89187-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-89188-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics