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Interdependence and Vulnerability in Systems: A Review of Theory for Autonomous Human-Machine Teams

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Engineering Artificially Intelligent Systems

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 13000))

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Abstract

Interdependence exists in all social interactions as constructive or destructive interference. States of interdependence transmit both positive (constructive) and negative (destructive) effects in the interaction. In this chapter, we review the theory of interdependence, and its effects when positive (e.g., innovations, marriages, mergers) or negative (e.g., patent failures, divorces, bankruptcies). We apply the theory to human-machine teams to predict the best and worst teams. And with the theory of interdependence, we review our newest discovery of vulnerability in an opposing team or in our own team. We consider vulnerability to be a fundamental principle of organization in preparation for a competition, during a competition, or in the post-hoc reviews of a competition between teams or organizations. One of the new issues for this chapter is to apply interdependence theory to whether or not convergence has a positive or negative effect in a competition, as with models for system dynamics. We conclude that if a model, concept or leader of a team addresses only a team’s convergence effects, the team will itself be left vulnerable to its opponent and ignorant of the vulnerabilities in its opponent.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paine College, Augusta, GA, 30901, USA

    W. F. Lawless

  2. Distributed Autonomous Systems Group, Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

    Donald A. Sofge

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  1. W. F. Lawless
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  2. Donald A. Sofge
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Correspondence to W. F. Lawless .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Paine College, Augusta, GA, USA

    William F. Lawless

  2. University at Buffalo, Director Emeritus, Center for Multi-source Information Fusion, Buffalo, NY, USA

    James Llinas

  3. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

    Donald A. Sofge

  4. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

    Ranjeev Mittu

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Lawless, W.F., Sofge, D.A. (2021). Interdependence and Vulnerability in Systems: A Review of Theory for Autonomous Human-Machine Teams. In: Lawless, W.F., Llinas, J., Sofge, D.A., Mittu, R. (eds) Engineering Artificially Intelligent Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13000. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89385-9_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89385-9_15

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