Abstract
This paper presents the result of the research project Lexdatafication that aims to model the legal knowledge information of Italy in Akoma Ntoso. The University of Bologna, in cooperation with IPZS, the Official Gazette entity, developed a framework capable to exploit the existing legacy databases of Normattiva in Akoma Ntoso. Additionally, Constitutional Court decisions were converted in Akoma Ntoso using the existing XML and metadata dataset provided by the open data portal. This output was linked to the legislative information. The collection of the documents in AKN constitutes a great annotated corpus in machine-consumable format capable to produce relevant legal data analytics applications and visualizations to support both practitioners and citizens in legal information retrieval.
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Notes
- 1.
https://teamdigitale.governo.it/en/ in charge for two years 2018 and 2019.
- 2.
European Legislation Identifier, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli-register/about.html.
- 3.
- 4.
API - Application programming interface.
- 5.
- 6.
Autorità per l'informatica nella pubblica amministrazione (AIPA).
- 7.
Ordinance on 6 November 2001, n. AIPA/CR/35, urn:nir:autorita.informatica.pubblica.amministrazione:circolare:2001–11-06;35, https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/default/files/repository_files/circolari/circolare-aipa-6-11-01_0.pdf; Circular on 22 April 2002 n. AIPA/CR/40, urn:nir:autorita.informatica.pubblica. amministrazione:circolare:2002–04-22;40, https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/default/files/repository_files/circolari/circolare-aipa-22-04-02_0.pdf.
- 8.
Directive 2003/98/EC, modified with Directive 2013/37 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013L0037 and recasted with Directive 2019/1024 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L1024.
- 9.
- 10.
Circolare n. 2/2019 titled “Adozione di standard per la rappresentazione elettronica e l’identificazione univoca del patrimonio informativo di natura giuridica e istituzione del Forum Nazionale per l’informazione giuridica”; https://trasparenza.agid.gov.it/moduli/downloadFile.php?file=oggetto_allegati/192031456120O__OCircolare+2-2019+standard+patrimonio+informativo+di+natura+giuridica.pdf.
- 11.
Agenzia per l'Italia digitale (AGID).
- 12.
From the Ordinance 2/2019 AGID: “7. Disposizioni transitorie e finali La presente Circolare sostituisce la Circolare del 22 aprile 2002 n. AIPA/CR/40 e la Circolare del 6 novembre 2001 n. AIPA/CR/35 ed entra in vigore il giorno della sua pubblicazione sul sito istituzionale dell’Agenzia per l’Italia digitale. Dalla data di pubblicazione della presente Circolare la realizzazione di ogni nuova banca dati giuridica è effettuata secondo gli standard adottati. Sul medesimo sito istituzionale l’Agenzia per l’Italia digitale:
1. pubblica la documentazione necessaria ed utile alla conoscenza e all’applicazione degli standard adottati in forza della presente Circolare;
2. rende disponibili gli strumenti open source per supportare le attività di utilizzo degli standard e di conversione delle banche dati esistenti.
Le attività di conversione delle banche dati giuridiche già esistenti agli standard adottati con la presente Circolare, sono completate entro 24 mesi dalla data di entrata in vigore della Circolare medesima.””.
- 13.
DAGL, Department of the Legal and Legislative Affairs of the Government, http://presidenza.governo.it/dagl/.
- 14.
“d) l’adeguamento ad Akoma Ntoso dei formati di marcatura per la pubblicazione di tutti gli atti in XML;” and “f.1.3. la marcatura automatica degli atti nel formato AKOMA NTOSO;” from the contract.
- 15.
- 16.
Open Data initiative of European Commission: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/open-data
- 17.
- 18.
United States Code of Office of the Law Revision Counsel, https://uscode.house.gov/download/download.shtml.
- 19.
Luxembourg Official Gazette.
http://data.legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2021/01/09/a12/jo/fr/xml.
- 20.
- 21.
Laws Africa Association, https://laws.africa/.
- 22.
- 23.
Senate of Italy Open Data portal, https://dati.senato.it/sito/home.
- 24.
Senate of Italy bulk in AKN, https://github.com/SenatoDellaRepubblica/AkomaNtosoBulkData.
- 25.
- 26.
AKN4UN https://unsceb-hlcm.github.io/. In March 2017 the High-Level Committee on Management (HLCM) adopted the UN Semantic Interoperability Framework for normative and parliamentary documents (UNSIF) developed by the HLCM Working Group on Document Standards (WGDS) and based on the Akoma Ntoso OASIS standard, https://unsceb.org/sites/default/files/imported_files/CEB-2017-3-HLCM33-Summay%20of%20Conclusions-FINAL_0.pdf.
- 27.
CELI company that developed the new search engine of Normattiva, https://www.celi.it/blog/2018/05/lexdatafication_forumpa_agid_celi/.
- 28.
https://www.datibenecomune.it/ it is a movement that is asking the release of open data concerning the COVID-19.
- 29.
- 30.
< activeModifications> are the metadata concerning the modifications made by a given act to other acts; < passiveModifications> are the metadata concerning the modifications undergone by an act.
- 31.
The interval of years was limited for technical reasons considering that the connection between University of Bologna and IPZS was done via dedicated VPN for security reasons and also to avoid overloading the IPZS servers.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
http://bach.cirsfid.unibo.it/lexdatafication-dashboard (only FireFox or Chrome). The bulk with all the document is published here: https://gitlab.com/CIRSFID/lexdatafication/-/tree/master/normattiva2akn.
- 35.
- 36.
http://sinatra.cirsfid.unibo.it/lime-cassazione/ - LIME editor developed with the support of the Court of Cassation.
- 37.
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Acknowledgment
Lexdatafication project was supported and co-funded by the Digital Transformation Team of the Presidency of the Council of Ministries of Italy between 2018–2019 and co-funded by the University of Bologna using internal economical resources.
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Palmirani, M. (2021). Lexdatafication: Italian Legal Knowledge Modelling in Akoma Ntoso. In: Rodríguez-Doncel, V., Palmirani, M., Araszkiewicz, M., Casanovas, P., Pagallo, U., Sartor, G. (eds) AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems XI-XII. AICOL AICOL XAILA 2020 2018 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13048. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89811-3_3
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