Abstract
We build on the phantom gradient attack by introducing some new replacement function candidates for XOR. In this work, we put forward four new candidates’ replacement functions and investigate the impact of different learning rates. We also extend and investigate the new replacement functions power on bitwise rotation XOR, of which previous phantom gradient attack works have struggled.
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Notes
- 1.
The four possible 2 bit inputs are (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1).
- 2.
For more intricate problems, we may need more iterations and perhaps an even lower learning rate.
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Acknowledgement
The author wishes to give special thanks to Audun Jøsang and Thomas Gregersen for valuable discussion and words of encouragement.
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Sommervoll, Å.Å. (2021). The Phantom Gradient Attack: A Study of Replacement Functions for the XOR Function. In: Yuan, X., Bao, W., Yi, X., Tran, N.H. (eds) Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness in Heterogeneous Systems. QShine 2021. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 402. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91424-0_14
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