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A Tutorial-Style Introduction to \(\textsf {DY}^\star \)

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Protocols, Strands, and Logic

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNSC,volume 13066))

Abstract

\(\textsf {DY}^\star \) is a recently proposed formal verification framework for the symbolic security analysis of cryptographic protocol code written in the \(\textsf {F}^\star \) programming language. Unlike automated symbolic provers, \(\textsf {DY}^\star \) accounts for advanced protocol features like unbounded loops and mutable recursive data structures as well as low-level implementation details like protocol state machines and message formats, which are often at the root of real-world attacks. Protocols modeled in \(\textsf {DY}^\star \) can be executed, and hence, tested, and they can even interoperate with real-world counterparts. \(\textsf {DY}^\star \) extends a long line of research on using dependent type systems but takes a fundamentally new approach by explicitly modeling the global trace-based semantics within the framework, hence bridging the gap between trace-based and type-based protocol analyses. With this, one can uniformly, precisely, and soundly model, for the first time using dependent types, long-lived mutable protocol state, equational theories, fine-grained dynamic corruption, and trace-based security properties like forward secrecy and post-compromise security.

In this paper, we provide a tutorial-style introduction to \(\textsf {DY}^\star \) : We illustrate how to model and prove the security of the ISO-DH protocol, a simple key exchange protocol based on Diffie-Hellman.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that we format all \(\textsf {F}^\star \) code in this paper using a pretty-printer, i.e., some syntactic constructs are displayed using well-known mathematical symbols for readability, such as \(\rightarrow \), \(\forall \), \(\exists \), and \(\lambda \), instead of their textual representations.

  2. 2.

    Note that the code excerpts we show in this paper are a bit simplified for presentation purposes (see [4] for the full code). Further note that we here use so-called refinement types provided by \(\textsf {F}^\star \) to further restrict types. For example, the result pk of the function vk is of type bytes, which is —by refinement— further required to satisfy the predicate , which states that the byte string pk must be labeled as public. We also make use of so-called implicit arguments, which are marked by  . In many cases, these parameters can be dropped when calling the function, as \(\textsf {F}^\star \) can derive them from the context.

  3. 3.

    Sessions and versions are stored in two separate sequences s and v (of the same length). For each session that is stored at index j in s, the corresponding version identifier is stored at the same index j in v.

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through Grants KU 1434/10-2 and KU 1434/12-1, the European Research Council (ERC) through Grant CIRCUS-683032, and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) through Grant N000141812618.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INRIA, Paris, France

    Karthikeyan Bhargavan

  2. IIT Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Abhishek Bichhawat

  3. University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

    Quoc Huy Do, Pedram Hosseyni, Ralf Küsters, Guido Schmitz & Tim Würtele

  4. GLIWA GmbH, Weilheim i.OB., Germany

    Quoc Huy Do

  5. Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK

    Guido Schmitz

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  1. Karthikeyan Bhargavan
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  3. Quoc Huy Do
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  4. Pedram Hosseyni
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Correspondence to Pedram Hosseyni .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA

    Daniel Dougherty

  2. Th.M. Siebel Center for Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    José Meseguer

  3. Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Sebastian Alexander Mödersheim

  4. J83K, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA

    Paul Rowe

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Bhargavan, K. et al. (2021). A Tutorial-Style Introduction to \(\textsf {DY}^\star \). In: Dougherty, D., Meseguer, J., Mödersheim, S.A., Rowe, P. (eds) Protocols, Strands, and Logic. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13066. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91631-2_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91631-2_4

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