Abstract
Concussions are an increasingly significant issue today, however, there is still no single standard, objective criterion for diagnosing them. An objective test with high sensitivity and specificity for concussions would provide a substantial advance in concussion diagnostics, which can help in the prognosis, treatment, and medical decision-making regarding the disorder. This research looks to fill the void in concussion diagnostic techniques by synthesizing a specifically designed, small molecule [18] F-radiotracer capable of binding to a biomarker of neuronal trauma, thus allowing for the imaging of its upregulation using a PET scanner.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Foundation, C.L.: Concussion Resources (2019). https://concussionfoundation.org/concussion-resources
Mondello, S., et al.: Blood-based diagnostics of traumatic brain injuries. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 11, 65–78 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1586/erm.10.104
Dikmen, S.S., Levin, H.S.: Methodological issues in the study of mild head injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 8, 30–37 (1993)
Kibby, M.Y., Long, C.J.: Minor head injury: attempts at clarifying the confusion. Brain Inj. 10, 159–186 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1080/026990596124494
Lewis, L.M., et al.: Utility of serum biomarkers in the diagnosis and stratification of mild traumatic brain injury. Acad. Emerg. Med. 24, 710–720 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13174
Benson, R.R., et al.: Detection of hemorrhagic and axonal pathology in mild traumatic brain injury using advanced MRI: implications for neurorehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation 31, 261–262 (2013)
Govind, V., et al.: Whole-brain proton MR spectroscopic imaging of mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury and correlation with neuropsychological deficits. J. Neurotrauma 27, 483–496 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2009.1159
Gajawelli, N., et al.: Neuroimaging changes in the brain in contact versus noncontact sport athletes using diffusion tensor imaging. World Neurosurg. 80, 824–828 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2013.10.020
Bazarian, J.J., Zhu, T., Blyth, B., Borrino, A., Zhong, J.: Subject-specific changes in brain white matter on diffusion tensor imaging after sports-related concussion. Magn. Reason. Imaging 30, 171–180 (2012)
McAllister, T.W., Sparling, M.B., Flashman, L.A., Guerin, S.J., Mamourian, A.C., Saykin, A.J.: Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage 14, 1004–1012 (2001)
Ptito, A., Chen, J.K., Johnston, K.M.: Contributions of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to sport concussion evaluation. NeuroRehabilitation 22, 217–227 (2007)
Lipton, M.L., et al.: Multifocal white matter ultrastructural abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury with cognitive disability: a voxel-wise analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. J. Neurotrauma 25, 1335–1342 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2008.0547
Gasparovic, C., et al.: Neurometabolite concentrations in gray and white matter in mild traumatic brain injury: an 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J. Neurotrauma 26, 1635–1643 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2009-0896
Slobounov, S.M., et al.: Alteration of brain sports concussion biomarkers 669 functional network at rest and in response to YMCA physical stress test in concussed athletes: RsFMRI study. Neuroimage 55, 1716–1727 (2011)
Zhang, K., et al.: Default mode network in concussed individuals in response to the YMCA physical stress test. J. Neurotrauma 29, 756–765 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2011.2125
Slobounov, S.M., et al.: Functional abnormalities in normally appearing athletes following mild traumatic brain injury: a functional MRI study. Exp. Brain Res. 202, 341–354 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2141-6
Bazarian, J.J., et al.: Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. J. Neurotrauma 24, 1447–1459 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2007.0241
Huang, M.X., et al.: Integrated imaging approach with MEG and DTI to detect mild traumatic brain injury in military and civilian patients. J. Neurotrauma 26, 1213–1226 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2008.0672
Vakorin, V.A., et al.: Detecting mild traumatic brain injury using resting state magnetoencephalographic connectivity. PLoS Comput. Biol. 12, e1004914 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004914
Dashnaw, M.L., Petraglia, A.L., Bailes, J.E.: An overview of the basic science of concussion and subconcussion: where we are and where we are going. Neurosurg. Focus 33, 1–9 (2013)
Kochanek, P.M., et al.: Biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis, prognosis, probing mechanisms, and therapeutic decision making. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 14, 135–141 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f57564
Papa, L., et al.: Systematic review of clinical research on biomarkers for pediatric traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 30, 324–338 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2545
Papa, L.T.K.M., Flores, R.J.: Exploring the role of biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury patients. In: Poteomics—Human Diseases and Protein Functions. Tech Open Access Publisher (2012). https://doi.org/10.5772/31776
Papa, L., Randolph, J., Sebastianelli, W.: Biomarkers for Concussion, in: Concussions in Athletics: From Brain to Behavior. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Papa, L., Ramia, M.M., Edwards, D., Johnson, B.D., Slobounov, S.M.: Systematic review of clinical studies examining biomarkers of brain injury in athletes after sports-related concussion. J. Neurotrauma 32, 661–673 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3655
Otto, M., et al.: Boxing and running lead to a rise in serum levels of S-100B protein. Int. J. Sports Med. 21, 551–555 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8480
Dietrich, M.O., et al.: Increase in serum S100B protein level after a swimming race. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 28, 710–716 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1139/h03-054
Mussack, T., Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., Jochum, M.: Serum S-100B protein levels in young amateur soccer players after controlled heading and normal exercise. Eur. J. Med. Res. 8, 457–464 (2003)
Stalnacke, B.M., Tegner, Y., Sojka, P.: Playing ice hockey and basketball increases serum levels of S-100B in elite players: a pilot study. Clin. J. Sport Med. 13, 292–302 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200309000-00004
Stalnacke, B.M., Ohlsson, A., Tegner, Y., Sojka, P.: Serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S100B and neurone specific enolase are increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game. Br. J. Sports Med. 40, 313–316 (2006)
Stalnacke, B.M., Tegner, Y., Sojka, P.: Playing soccer increases serum concentrations of the biochemical markers of brain damage S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in elite players: a pilot study. Brain Inj. 18, 899–909 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050410001671865
Hasselblatt, M., et al.: Serum S100beta increases in marathon runners reflect extracranial release rather than glial damage. Neurology 62, 1634–1636 (2004)
Zetterberg, H., et al.: No neurochemical evidence for brain injury caused by heading in soccer. Brit. J. Sport Med. 41, 574–577 (2007). ARTN 574, https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.037143
Zetterberg, H., et al.: Sustained release of neuron-specific enolase to serum in amateur boxers. Brain Inj. 23, 723–726 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050903120399
Graham, M.R., et al.: Direct hits to the head during amateur boxing is associated with a rise in serum biomarkers for brain injury. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 24, 119–125 (2011).https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201102400114
Neselius, S., et al.: CSF-biomarkers in Olympic boxing: diagnosis and effects of repetitive head trauma. PLoS ONE 7, e33606 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033606
Neselius, S., et al.: Olympic boxing is associated with elevated levels of the neuronal protein tau in plasma. Brain Inj. 27, 425–433 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.750752
(NCBI), N. C. f. B. I. S100B (1988). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Yardan, T.J.: Usefullness of S100B protein in neurological disorders. Park Med. Assoc. 61, 276–281 (2011)
Papa, L.: Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury. JAMA 73, 551–560 (2016)
Paans, A.M.J., Van Waarde, A., Elsinga, P.H., Willemsen, A.T.M. Vaalburg, W.: Positron emission tomography: the conceptual idea using a multidisciplinary approach. Methods 27, 195–207 (2002). Pii, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1046-2023(02)00075-0
Skotland, T.: Molecular imaging: challenges of bringing imaging of intracellular targets into common clinical use. Contrast Media Mol. I(7), 1–6 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/cmmi.458
Ametamey, S.M., Honer, M., Schubiger, P.A.: Molecular imaging with PET. Chem. Rev. 108, 1501–1516 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0782426
Trott, O., Olson, A.J.: Autodock vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading. J. Comput. Chem. 31, 455–461 (2009)
Morris, G.M., et al.: Autodock4 and autodocktools4: automated docking with selective receptor flexibility. J. Comput. Chem. 30, 2785–2791 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21256
Goodsell, D.S., Morris, G.M., Olson, A.J.: Automated docking of flexible ligands: applications of autodock. J. Mol. Recognit. 9, 1–5 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1352(199601)9:1%3c1::aid-jmr241%3e3.0.co;2-6
Ostendorp, T., Diez, J., Heizmann, C.W., Fritz, G.: The crystal structures of human S100B in the zinc- and calcium-loaded state at three pH values reveal zinc ligand swapping. Bba-Mol. Cell Res. 1813, 1083–1091 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.006
Makowitz, J.: Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of the calcium-dependent S100B–p53 tumour supressor interactions. J. Med. Chem. 47, 5085–5093 (2004)
Mysinger, M.M., Carchia, M., Irwin, J.J., Shoichet, B.K.: Directory of useful decoys, enhanced (DUD-E): better ligands and decoys for better benchmarking. J. Med. Chem. 55, 6582–6594 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jm300687e
Huang, N., Shoichet, B.K., Irwin, J.J.: Benchmarking sets for molecular docking. J. Med. Chem. 49, 6789–6801 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/jm0608356
Advanced Cyclotron Systems: I. TR-24 Cyclotrons (2019). https://www.advancedcyclotron.com/cyclotron-solutions/tr24
Healthcare, G.E.: Vol. DOC0735494 Rev 3 (2001)
Bock, N., et al.: Chronic fluoxetine treatment changes S100B expression during postnatal rat brain development. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 23, 481–489 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2011.0065
Tramontina, A.C., et al.: Secretion of S100B, an astrocyte-derived neurotrophic protein, is stimulated by fluoxetine via a mechanism independent of serotonin. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32, 1580–1583 (2008)
Whitaker-Azmitia, P.M., Murphy, R., Azmitia, E.C.: Stimulation of astroglial 5-HT1 receptors releases the serotonergic growth factor, protein S-100, and alters astroglial morphology. Brain Res. 24, 155–158 (1990)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Allingham, J., Floriano, W.B., Campbell, M. (2021). Brightening Up Brain Injuries: Design, Synthesis and Characterization of a PET Diagnostic Agent for Neuronal Trauma. In: Pissaloux, E., Papadopoulos, G.A., Achilleos, A., Velázquez, R. (eds) ICT for Health, Accessibility and Wellbeing. IHAW 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1538. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94209-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94209-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94208-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94209-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)