Skip to main content

Controversial ‘Black Legend’ Concept as Misinformation or Disinformation Related to History: Where Do We Go from Here in 21st Century Information Field?

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Information for a Better World: Shaping the Global Future (iConference 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 13192))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

The controversial concept of ‘Black Legend’ (‘Leyenda Negra’) as a distortion of the history of a nation or other relevant historical actor has been in place since early 20th century (mostly referred to Spain and Hispanic world so far, but potentially in a more general way) [2, 3]. The present paper reviews multidisciplinary the scientifical studies in 21st century related to this concept, so to gather its state of the art, limitations and potential for the information field. From the review, four main suggestions for future research are proposed: 1) Refine the concept with the help of knowledge management theory and stakeholder theory, to enhance its general application in an interdisciplinary environment, 2) Reconsider the term itself, 3) Clearly establish the gaps between present popular culture or established knowledge, and scientific updated knowledge about history, taking into account multidisciplinary methods and sources (including primary documental sources when suitable), 4) Measure and discuss the gaps with the help of automated extraction and analysis of terms applied to selected corpus of digital content, such as Wikipedia, popular literature, scientific literature or multimedia/audiovisual production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Juderías, J.: La leyenda negra. Estudios del concepto de España en el extranjero. Araluce, Barcelona (1917)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Powell, P.W.: Tree of hate: propaganda and prejudices affecting United States relations with Hispanic world. University of New Mexico Press, Alburquerque (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fernández Alvarez, M.: Sombras y luces de la España imperial. Espasa Calpe, Madrid (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Roca Barea, E.: Imperiofobia y leyenda negra: Roma, Rusia. Estados Unidos y el Imperio español. Siruela, Madrid (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  5. García Cárcel, G., Mateo Bretos, L.: Leyenda negra. Compañía Europea de Comunicación e Informació, Madrid (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Keen, B.: The Black Legend revisited: assumptions and realities. Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 49(4), 703–719 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Xavier, A.B.: Parecem indianos na cor e na feição: a “lenda negra” e a indianização dos portugueses. Etnográfica 18(1), 111–133 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Halikowski-Smith, S.: 'Insolence and pride’: problems with the representation of the South-East Asian Portuguese communities in Alexander Hamilton's ‘A New Account of the East Indies’ (1727). J. Roy. Asiatic Soc. 19, 213–234 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sell Maestro, A.: The black legend in the Low Countries and England in the Sixteenth Century: a comparative study of its origins and main topics. Tiempos Modernos-Revista Electrónica de Historia Moderna 10(40), 40–57 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Méndez, A.: Espana a traves de los ojos de un demonologo ingles: leyenda negra, brujeria y supersticion en THE Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) de Reginald Scot. Bull. Span. Stud. 97(5), 701–727 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Orr, B.: Indigenous critique and the eighteenth-century English stage. Postcolonial Stud. 23(3), 284–299 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Villagrana, J.J.: The apocalyptic spanish race. J. Early Modern Cult. Stud. 20(1), 1–28 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pioli, M.: L’immaginario spagnolo di leonardo sciascia: genealogie mediterranee. Ital. Stud. 74(4), 427–441 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Daly, G.: British soldiers and the legend of Napoleon. Hist. J. 61(1), 131–153 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ndiaye, N.: Aaron’s roots: spaniards, englishmen, and blackamoors in titus andronicus. Early Theatre 19(2), 59–80 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Flannery, K.P.: Battlefield diplomacy and empire-building in the indo-pacific world during the seven years’ war. Itinerario-International J. Hist. Eur. Expansion Global Interact. 40(3), 467–488 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Nunez Ronchi, A.: American Indians on the European Lyric stage: from the purcell brothers (1695) to Carl Heinrich Graun (1755). Revista de Indias 74(261), 483–505 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Gonzalez, C.: Vespasiano in America: conquistadors, gold, anti-Semitism, and the Spanish Black Legend. J. Mediev. Iber. Stud. 6(2), 237–250 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Murry, G.: Tears of the Indians or superficial conversion? Jose de Acosta, the Black Legenf, and the Spanish evangelization of the New World. Catholic Hist. Rev. 99(1), 29–51 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Iserov, A.A.: United States and the Fight for Independence of Latin America. Elektronnyi nauchno-obrazovatel’nyi zhurnal Istoriya 6, 21–22 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Andrews, J.: Meyerbeer's L''Africaine’: French grand opera and the Iberian exotic (Giacomo Meyerbeer). Modern Laguage Rev. 102, 108+ (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gomez Cabia, F.: Mowing the shadows in silence. Literature as an aberrated form of philosophical thought in Spain of the Baroque. STOA 11(22), 141–170 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Calderon Argelich, A.: Shades of Philip II: the Black Legend and the uses of history in the crisis of moderantism (1867–1868). Cuadernos de Historia Contemporanea 42, 173–195 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rodriguez-Milan, R.: Noah's grandson and St. James: rewriting the past in eighteenth-century Spain. Eur. Legacy-Towards New Paradigms 25(7–8), 733–742 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dominguez, J.P.: España contra las luces: antiilustrados, apologistas y el triunfo de la leyenda negra (1759–1808). Bull. Span. Stud. 96(2), 219–240 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Martin-Marquez, S.: Transported Identities: global trafficking and late-imperial subjectivity in cuban narratives on African penal colonies. J. Lat. Am. Stud. 51(1), 1–30 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanchez Jimenez, A.: Cervantes and the Northern peoples: an imagologic approach. Atalanta-Revista de las Letras Barrocas 6(1), 129–147 (2018)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Castilla Urbano, F.: Bartolome de las Casas and the independence of Spanish America: the edition of his writings by Juan Antonio Llorente. Revista de Hispanismo Filosófico 23, 39–61 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ruiz Velasco Barba, R.: En torno a discursos y representacions del nacionalismo católico en México. Revista de historia americana y argentina 53(1), 203–233 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Guibovich Perez, P.M.: The last years of the Inquisition in the Viceroyalty of Peru (1813–1820). Ayer 108, 49–78 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Del Real, A.: The conquered conqueror Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and the conquered conqueror Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz. Analysis of two divergent identities from two brief Works. Ars Humanitas 11(2), 232–244 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mateos, A.: Fortunata, L’Africaine: slavery and semitism in Spain’s modern empire. Rev. Estud. Hisp. 51(2), 441–465 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Reyna Berrotaran, D.: Doctor Honoris Causa Monsenor Pablo Cabrera: historiographical lines a tribute. Coordenadas-Revista de historia local y regional 2(2), 81–100 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jimenez, A.: Quevedo and Lope (poetry and theatre) in 1609: patriotism and building of a nation State in La Espana defendida and La Jerusalen conquistada. Perinola-Revista de Investigacion Quevediana 17, 27+ (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Yurchik, E.E.: La leyenda negra en la literatura de la Ilustracion espanyola. Elektronnyi nauchno-obrazovatel’nyi zhurnal Istoriya 8, 17–18 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Guasti, N.: Sketches of the Italian exili of the Spaish Jesuites. Hispania Sacra 61(123), 257–278 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Carrasco, R.: A myth in movement: Pablo de Olavide and Gospel in Triumph. Rev. Chil. Lit. 71, 19–42 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Glesener, T.: Flanders and the Flemish in the Spanish imaginary lore of the XVIth century. Revue du Nord 87(360–361), 337+ (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Stone, R.S.: With art everything is overcome: Images of English in Lope de Vega. Bull. Comediantes 54(2), 249–269 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Munoz Areyzaga, E.: The construction of the pre Columbian past as an identity element of the mexican territory, through a dialogical dynamic between Nueva Espana and the West, in the 17th and 18th centuries. Revista Hmanidades 10(2) https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i2.41195 (2020)

  41. Bigelow, A.: Incorporating indigenous knowledge into extractive economies: the science of colonial silver. Extractive Ind. Soc. Int. J. 3(1), 117–123 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lopez Palmero, M.: The discursive dimensions of the Spanish attack on the French colony of Florida (1565). Magallanica-Revista de Historia Moderna 2(4), 136–151 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Favio Osorio, L.: Latin American myths: Validity of the work Del buen salvaje al buen revolucionario. Telos-Revista interdisciplinària en ciencias sociales 22(2), 310–324 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Lim, J.: Aguila Roja: the demythification of black legend and the will to overcome. Cross-Cultural Stud. 54, 333–370 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Leetoy, S., Linan, M.: Barbarossa - Bar(bar)ossa - Barbossa: the permanence of the black legend as a discourse of otherness. Chasqui-Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación 137, 223–243 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Larmuseau, M.H.D., Calafell, F., Princen, S.A., Decorte, R., Soen, V.: The black legend on the Spanish presence in the low countries: Verifying shared beliefs on genetic ancestry. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 166(1), 219–227 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Bauer, R.: The white legend edmundo O’Gorman, hemispheric studies, and the paradigm of new world exceptionalism. English Language Notes 56(2), 51–54 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Maestro Cano, I.C.: The weber thesis on capitalism in the 500th anniversary of the protestant reformation. ILU-Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones 23, 149–173 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Martin Saez, D.: The legend of Farinelli in Spain: historiograhy. Mithology and Politics. Revista de Musicologia 41(1), 41–77 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Slater, J., Lopez-Terrada, M.: Being beyond: the Black Legend and how we got over it. Hist. Sci. 55(2), 148–166 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Park, P.K.: The black legend as a nationalist discourse. Korean J. Hispanic Stud. 10(1), 55–81 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Pimentel, J., Pardo-Tomas, J.: And yet, we were modern. The paradoxes of Iberian science after the Grand Narratives. Histry Sci. 55(2), 133–147 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dhondt, R.: Triptico de la infamia by Pablo Montoya as a Baroque Painting. Mitologias Hoy-Revista de Pensamiento, Crítica y Estudios Literarios Latinoamericanos 16, 307–319 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Soto, I.: Black Atlantic (Dis)Entanglements: Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, and Spain. Zeischrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistic. 65(2), 203–217 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Valdeon, R.A.: Bartolome de las Casas and the Spanish-American War. Transl. Interpreting Stud. 12(3), 367–382 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Fernandez Sebastian, J.: A distorting mirror: the sixteenth century in the historical imagination of the first Hispanic liberals. History Eur. Ideas 41(2), 166–175 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Burcar, L.: Interwoven Constructs of Gender and Race in Disney's Adaptations of Canonized Literary Works for Children. Primerjalna Knjizevnost 38(1), 19(45) (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bazzano, N.: The leyenda negra continues: the sardinia of viceroys in the sardinian fiction between the late twentieth cetury and the new millenniun. Mediterranea-Recerche Historice 37, 353–374 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Videogame ‘Black Legend’. https://www.blacklegendgame.com/

  60. ‘Black Legend’ yacht. https://www.superyachttimes.com/yachts/black-legend-50m

  61. Denisova, N.: Filosofía de la historia de América: los cronistas de Indias en la historia del pensamiento español. Fundación Academia Europea e Iberoamericana de Yuste, Madrid (2019)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Josep Cobarsí-Morales .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Cobarsí-Morales, J. (2022). Controversial ‘Black Legend’ Concept as Misinformation or Disinformation Related to History: Where Do We Go from Here in 21st Century Information Field?. In: Smits, M. (eds) Information for a Better World: Shaping the Global Future. iConference 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13192. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96957-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96957-8_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96956-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96957-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics