Abstract
In contrast to the striking discussion of working overtime in the media, it remains unclear in academic research whether longer work time leads to job burnout and procrastination. Informed by job demands-resources model and challenges-hinderance model, this study examined the role of work hour, time perspective, and income in predicting job burnout and procrastination at work. The results of this survey study, conducted with 223 Chinese employees located in 30 provincial areas, show that work hour only predicted emotional exhaustion. Neither emotional exhaustion nor procrastination at work was predicted by income. Screen time on mobile phone predicted procrastination. By contrast, time perspective predicted both. The findings suggest that work hour can work as resources when it is appraised as supporting personal growth and development, whereas income was not necessarily appraised as supportive of personal development. Additionally, a theoretical perspective of imbalance between effort and reward explained job burnout and procrastination better than their independent effects. Theoretical framework for promoting off-task activities based on context-aware persuasion was proposed. Finally, informed by the philosophy of socio-technical design, this study called for a holistic and collective-oriented perspective to design technical systems for employee.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
996. ICU (2019). https://996.icu/
认识百度 (2021). https://talent.baidu.com/component1000/corp/baidu/weixin/environment.html
Abdelnour-Nocera, J., Clemmensen, T.: Theorizing about socio-technical approaches to HCI. In: Barricelli, B.R., et al. (eds.), Human Work Interaction Design. Designing Engaging Automation, HWID 2018, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, pp. 242–262. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05297-3_17
Cox, A.L., Dray, S., Bird, J., Peters, A., Mauthner, N., Collins, E.: Socio-technical practices and work-home boundaries. In: MobileHCI 2014 - Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 581–584 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1145/2628363.2634259
Ran, B.: Behind “996” schedule: work to a better life, not ICU (2019). https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774d336b544f33457a6333566d54/index.html
Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E.: The measurement of experienced burnout. J. Organ. Behav. 2(2), 99–113 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Gonçalves, F., Campos, P., Clemmensen, T.: Human work interaction design: an overview. In: Abdelnour Nocera, J., Barricelli, B.R., Lopes, A., Campos, P., Clemmensen, T. (eds.) HWID 2015. IAICT, vol. 468, pp. 3–19. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27048-7_1
Dell, D.A., Venkatesh, M.: Social design’s implications for the IS field. In: iConference 2012: Proceedings of the 2012 iConference, Toronto, pp. 346–353 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2132176.2132221
Zabelina, E., Chestyunina, Y., Trushina, I., Vedeneyeva, E.: Time perspective as a predictor of procrastination. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 238(2018), 87–93 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2018.03.011
Crawford, E.R., LePine, J.A., Rich, B.L.: Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. J. Appl. Psychol. 95(5), 834–848 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019364
Demerouti, E., Nachreiner, F., Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W.B.: The job demands-resources model of burnout. J. Appl. Psychol. 86(3), 499–512 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Baxter, G., Sommerville, I.: Socio-technical systems: from design methods to systems engineering. Interact. Comput. 23(1), 4–17 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2010.07.003
Freudenberger, H.J.: Staff burnout. J. Soc. Issues 30(1974), 159–165 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Hofstede Insights. Country Comparison. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/
Howsitlike. What is China’s 996 Work Culture (2020). https://www.howsitlike.com/blog/What-is-China%27s-996-Work-Culture#:~:text=Definition of 996 Culture 996 is a work, have adopted this culture as their official schedule. Accessed 2 March 2020
Shaojie, H.: Low Desire? No, It’s Risk Aversion. NewsChina Magazine (2020). http://www.newschinamag.com/newschina/articleDetail.do?article_id=5898§ion_id=25&magazine_id=. Accessed 21 Feb 2021
Siegrist, J., Klein, D., Voigt, K.H.: Linking sociological with physiological data: the model of effort- reward imbalance at work. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 640, 112–116 (1997)
Gulliksen, J., Göransson, B., Boivie, I., Blomkvist, S., Persson, J., Cajander, Å.: Key principles for user-centred systems design. Behav. Inf. Technol. 22(6), 397–409 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290310001624329
Vitak, J., Crouse, J., LaRose, R.: personal internet use at work: understanding cyberslacking. Comput. Hum. Behav. 27(5), 1751–1759 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.03.002
Hong, J.C., Lee, Y.F., Ye, J.H.: Procrastination predicts online self-regulated learning and online learning ineffectiveness during the coronavirus lockdown. Pers. Individ. Dif. 174(2021), 110673 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110673
Ohmae, K.: How to ignite the low desire society (Chinese) (1st ed.). Shanghai Translation Publishing House, Shanghai (2018)
Beyerstein, L.: Slacking Workers of the World Unite (2015). https://inthesetimes.com/article/slacking-workers-of-the-world. Accessed 2 Mar 2020
Li, L., Gao, H., Xu, Y.: The mediating and buffering effect of academic self-efficacy on the relationship between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination. Comput. Educ. 159, 104001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104001
Stolarski, M., Bitner, J., Zimbardo, P.G.: Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time Soc. 20(3), 346–363 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X11414296
Stolarski, M., Zajenkowski, M., Jankowski, K.S., Szymaniak, K.: Deviation from the balanced time perspective: a systematic review of empirical relationships with psychological variables. Pers. Individ. Dif. 156, 109772 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109772
Moghadam, M.T., Abbasi, E., Khoshnodifar, Z.: Students’ academic burnout in Iranian agricultural higher education system: the mediating role of achievement motivation. Heliyon 6(9), e04960 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04960
Margaretha, M.: Motivation and job burnout: the mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior. Int. J. Manag. Sci. Bus. Adm. 5(4), 27–33 (2019). https://doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.54.1004
Hen, M., Goroshit, M., Viengarten, S.: How decisional and general procrastination relate to procrastination at work: an investigation of office and non-office workers. Pers. Individ. Dif. 172, 110581 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110581
Van Vegchel, N., De Jonge, J., Bosma, H., Schaufeli, W.: Reviewing the effort-reward imbalance model: drawing up the balance of 45 empirical studies. Soc. Sci. Med. 60(5), 1117–1131 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.043
Zimbardo, P.G., Boyd, J.N.: Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 77(6), 1271–1288 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
Zimbardo, P., Boyd, J.: The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life, Free Press, New York (2008)
Gupta, R., Hershey, D.A., Gaur, J.: Time perspective and procrastination in the workplace: an empirical investigation. Curr. Psychol. 31(2), 195–211 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-012-9136-3
Baran Metin, U., Taris, T.W., Peeters, M.C.W.: Measuring procrastination at work and its associated workplace aspects. PAID 101(2016), 254–263 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.006
Akirmak, U., Ayla, P.: How is time perspective related to burnout and job satisfaction? A conservation of resources perspective. Pers. Individ. Dif. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109667
Chen, W.: Time Perspective: the revision of the inventory and the influence on Risky Driving Behavior. Southwest University (2016)
van Eerde, W., Klingsieck, K.B.: Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educ. Res. Rev. 25(2018), 73–85 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
About this paper
Cite this paper
Qin, X., Wang, X. (2022). A Socio-technical Framework for Addressing the Influence of Work Time and Income on Work Well Being. In: Bhutkar, G., et al. Human Work Interaction Design. Artificial Intelligence and Designing for a Positive Work Experience in a Low Desire Society. HWID 2021. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 609. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02904-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02904-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-02903-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-02904-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)
