Abstract
Test cases that only observe the system under test can improve parallelism and detection of faults occurring due to unanticipated feature interactions. Traditionally, such passive test cases have been challenging to express, partly due to the use of complex mathematical notations. The T-EARS (Timed Easy Approach to Requirements Syntax) language prototype was introduced to respond to this and has received positive feedback from practitioners. However, the prototype suffered from few deficiencies, such as allowing non-intuitive combinations of expressions and usage of temporal specifiers that quickly got difficult to understand. This paper builds on the T-EARS prototype and input from experienced testers on a previous iteration of the language. The collected experience was applied to a new prototype using a structured update process, including a set of system-level requirements from a vehicular software system. The results include a new, improved grammar for the T-EARS language and a description of the evaluation semantics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
References
Asteasuain, F., Braberman, V.: Specification patterns can be formal and still easy. In: International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE 2001), pp. 430–436. Knowledge Systems Institute is a Graduate School, Knowledge Systems Institute (2010)
Autili, M., Grunske, L., Lumpe, M., Pelliccione, P., Tang, A.: Aligning qualitative, real-time, and probabilistic property specification patterns using a structured English grammar. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 41(7), 620–638 (2015)
Cavalli, A.R., Higashino, T., Núñez, M.: A survey on formal active and passive testing with applications to the cloud. Ann. Telecommun. 70(3), 85–93 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-015-0457-8
Daniel, F., Eduard, E., Wasif, A., Daniel, S., Thomas, G., Avenir, K.: From natural language requirements to passive test cases using guarded assertions. In: International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS 2018), pp. 470–481. IEEE Computer Society (2018)
Dwyer, M.B., Avrunin, G.S., Corbett, J.C.: Patterns in property specifications for finite-state verification. In: International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 1999), pp. 411–420. Association for Computing Machinery (1999). https://doi.org/10.1145/302405.302672
Filipovikj, P., Jagerfield, T., Nyberg, M., Rodriguez-Navas, G., Seceleanu, C.: Integrating pattern-based formal requirements specification in an industrial tool-chain. In: International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC 2016), vol. 2, pp. 167–173. IEEE Computer Society (2016)
Filipovikj, P., Nyberg, M., Rodriguez-Navas, G.: Reassessing the pattern-based approach for formalizing requirements in the automotive domain. In: International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2014), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 444–450. IEEE Computer Society, August 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/RE.2014.6912296
Flemström, D., Gustafsson, T., Kobetski, A.: Saga toolbox: interactive testing of guarded assertions. In: International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST 2017), pp. 516–523. IEEE Computer Society (2017)
Flemström, D., Gustafsson, T., Kobetski, A.: A case study of interactive development of passive tests. In: International Workshop on Requirements Engineering and Testing (RET 2018), pp. 13–20. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3195538.3195544
Flemström, D., Gustafsson, T., Kobetski, A., Sundmark, D.: A research roadmap for test design in automated integration testing of vehicular systems. In: International Conference on Fundamentals and Advances in Software Systems Integration (FASSI 2016) (2016)
Flemström, D., Jonsson, H., Enoiu, E.P., Afzal, W.: Industrial scale passive testing with T-EARS. In: Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST 2021), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 351–361. IEEE Computer Society, April 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICST49551.2021.00047
Gustafsson, T., Skoglund, M., Kobetski, A., Sundmark, D.: Automotive system testing by independent guarded assertions. In: International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW 2015), pp. 1–7. IEEE Computer Society (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTW.2015.7107474
Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: A brief account of runtime verification. J. Log. Algebraic Program. 78(5), 293–303 (2009)
Mavin, A., Wilkinson, P.: Big ears (the return of “easy approach to requirements engineering”). In: International Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE 2010), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 277–282. IEEE Computer Society, October 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/RE.2010.39
Mavin, A., Wilksinson, P., Gregory, S., Uusitalo, E.: Listens learned (8 lessons learned applying EARS). In: International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2016), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 276–282. IEEE Computer Society, September 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/RE.2016.38
Mavin, A., Wilkinson, P., Harwood, A., Novak, M.: Easy approach to requirements syntax (EARS). In: International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2009), pp. 317–322. IEEE Computer Society (2009)
Merz, F., Sinz, C., Post, H., Gorges, T., Kropf, T.: Bridging the gap between test cases and requirements by abstract testing. Innov. Syst. Softw. Eng. 11, 233–242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11334-015-0245-7
Miao, W., Wang, X., Liu, S.: A tool for supporting requirements formalization based on specification pattern knowledge. In: International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering (TASE 2015). IEEE Computer Society (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2015.13
Pudlitz, F., Brokhausen, F., Vogelsang, A.: What am i testing and where? Comparing testing procedures based on lightweight requirements annotations. Empir. Softw. Eng. 25(4), 2809–2843 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-020-09815-w
Pudlitz, F., Vogelsang, A., Brokhausen, F.: A lightweight multilevel markup language for connecting software requirements and simulations. In: Knauss, E., Goedicke, M. (eds.) REFSQ 2019. LNCS, vol. 11412, pp. 151–166. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15538-4_11
Rabiser, R., Thanhofer-Pilisch, J., Vierhauser, M., Grünbacher, P., Egyed, A.: Developing and evolving a DSL-based approach for runtime monitoring of systems of systems. Autom. Softw. Eng. 25(4), 875–915 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-018-0241-x
Rodriguez-Navas, G., Kobetski, A., Sundmark, D., Gustafsson, T.: Offline analysis of independent guarded assertions in automotive integration testing. In: International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS 2015), pp. 1066–1073. IEEE Computer Society (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCC-CSS-ICESS.2015.251
Selyunin, K., Nguyen, T., Bartocci, E., Grosu, R.: Applying runtime monitoring for automotive electronic development. In: Falcone, Y., Sánchez, C. (eds.) RV 2016. LNCS, vol. 10012, pp. 462–469. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46982-9_30
Sneed, H.M.: Bridging the concept to implementation gap in software system testing. In: International Conference on Quality Software (QSIC 2008), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 67–73. IEEE Computer Society, August 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/QSIC.2008.48
Walter, B., Hammes, J., Piechotta, M., Rudolph, S.: A formalization method to process structured natural language to logic expressions to detect redundant specification and test statements. In: International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2017). IEEE Computer Society (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/RE.2017.38
Zander-Nowicka, J., Schieferdecker, I., Marrero Perez, A.: Automotive validation functions for on-line test evaluation of hybrid real-time systems. In: Autotestcon, pp. 799–805. IEEE Computer Society (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/AUTEST.2006.283767
Acknowledgement
The work in this study has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement Nos. 871319, 957212; from the Swedish Innovation Agency (Vinnova) through the XIVT project and from the ECSEL Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No. 101007350.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Flemström, D., Afzal, W., Enoiu, E.P. (2022). Specification of Passive Test Cases Using an Improved T-EARS Language. In: Mendez, D., Wimmer, M., Winkler, D., Biffl, S., Bergsmann, J. (eds) Software Quality: The Next Big Thing in Software Engineering and Quality. SWQD 2022. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 439. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04115-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04115-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-04114-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-04115-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)